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HABITABLE ZONES AROUND MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS: NEW ESTIMATES
Open accessAbstract
Identifying terrestrial planets in the habitable zones (HZs) of other stars is one of the primary goals of ongoing radial velocity (RV) and transit exoplanet surveys and proposed future space missions. Most current estimates of the boundaries of the HZ are based on one-dimensional (1D), cloud-free, climate model calculations by Kasting et al. However, this model used band models that were based on older HITRAN and HITEMP line-by-line databases. The inner edge of the HZ in the Kasting et al. model was determined by loss of water, and the outer edge was determined by the maximum greenhouse provided by a CO 2 atmosphere. A conservative estimate for the width of the HZ from this model in our solar system is 0.95–1.67 AU. Here an updated 1D radiative–convective, cloud-free climate model is used to obtain new estimates for HZ widths around F, G, K, and M stars. New H 2 O and CO 2 absorption coefficients, derived from the HITRAN 2008 and HITEMP 2010 line-by-line databases, are important improvements to the climate model. According to the new model, the water-loss (inner HZ) and maximum greenhouse (outer HZ) limits for our solar system are at 0.99 and 1.70 AU, respectively, suggesting that the present Earth lies near the inner edge. Additional calculations are performed for stars with effective temperatures between 2600 and 7200 K, and the results are presented in parametric form, making them easy to apply to actual stars. The new model indicates that, near the inner edge of the HZ, there is no clear distinction between runaway greenhouse and water-loss limits for stars with T eff ≲ 5000 K, which has implications for ongoing planet searches around K and M stars. To assess the potential habitability of extrasolar terrestrial planets, we propose using stellar flux incident on a planet rather than equilibrium temperature. This removes the dependence on planetary (Bond) albedo, which varies depending on the host star's spectral type. We suggest that conservative estimates of the HZ (water-loss and maximum greenhouse limits) should be used for current RV surveys and Kepler mission to obtain a lower limit on η ⊕ , so that future flagship missions like TPF-C and Darwin are not undersized. Our model does not include the radiative effects of clouds; thus, the actual HZ boundaries may extend further in both directions than the estimates just given.
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“The new Kopparapu et al. (2013) habitable zone model recalculates the classic Kasting et al. (1993) habitable zone with updated model inputs, and its habitable zone extends from 0.99 to 1.70 AU.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Kopparapu et al. (2013)
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“However, this study did not include the effects of clouds or circulation of moisture, either of which could stabilize a planet at the inner edge of the habitable zone.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Kopparapu et al. (2013)
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“In this updated conservative estimation, Earth is very near the inner edge of the current habitable zone.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Kopparapu et al. (2013)
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“The location of the habitable zone depends on how bright the star is (Kopparapu et al., 2013); for brighter stars, the habitable zone is shifted outward because planets must be farther away from these stars to maintain temperatures necessary for liquid water, and for dimmer stars, the habitable zone is shifted inward (Fig. 18).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Kopparapu et al., 2013
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,001
Wogan, N. F., Krissansen‐Totton, J., & Catling, D. C. (2020) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abb99e · Cited by 62
“We use this solar constant because it places the simulated planet at the same relative distance from the inner edge of the habitable zone as Earth today (Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
MethodDetection of the Atmosphere of the 1.6 M⊕ Exoplanet GJ 1132 b
Southworth, J., Mancini, L., Madhusudhan, N., Mollière, P., Ciceri, S., & Henning, T. K. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa6477 · Cited by 58
“Planets around M dwarfs are of particular interest because the dimness of the host stars means their habitable zones (e.g. Kopparapu et al. 2013) are located at short orbital periods, which are much more accessible to observational study (Gillon et al. 2016).”
BackgroundEnhanced interplanetary panspermia in the TRAPPIST-1 system
Lingam, M., & Loeb, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1703517114 · Cited by 60
Can Increased Atmospheric CO 2 Levels Trigger a Runaway Greenhouse?
Ramirez, R. M., Kopparapu, R., Lindner, V., & Kasting, J. F. (2014) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1153 · Cited by 58
“Rayleigh scattering is implemented as described by Kopparapu et al. (2013b).”
InfluentialSelf-citationTelling twins apart: exo-Earths and Venuses with transit spectroscopy
Barstow, J. K., Aigrain, S., Irwin, P. G. J., Kendrew, S., & Fletcher, L. N. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw489 · Cited by 57
“Recent calculations by Kopparapu et al. (2013) using a 1D, cloud-free climate model indicate that the Earth is very close to E-mail: joannakbarstow@cantab.net the inner edge of the HZ, which in this model is located 0.99 AU from the Sun, and Venus is well outside it; however, modelling by Zsom et…”
MethodInfluentialGallet, F., Charbonnel, C., Amard, L., Brun, A. S., Palacios, A., & Mathis, S. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629034 · Cited by 63
“As the dependence of the HZLs on the effective temperature is small (see Kopparapu et al. 2013, 2014), 2 TYCHO Interpolation Tool, nicknamed Uranienborg, http://bahamut.sese.asu.edu/~payoung/AST_522/ Evolutionary_Tracks_Database.html 3 FRANEC, http://astro.df.unipi.it/stellar-models/…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRelative likelihood for life as a function of cosmic time
Loeb, A., Batista, R. A., & Sloan, D. (2016) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 57
CALCULATING THE HABITABLE ZONES OF MULTIPLE STAR SYSTEMS WITH A NEW INTERACTIVE WEB SITE
Müller, T. W. A., & Haghighipour, N. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/782/1/26 · Cited by 56
Potential Atmospheric Compositions of TRAPPIST-1 c Constrained by JWST/MIRI Observations at 15 μm
Lincowski, A., Meadows, V., Zieba, S., Kreidberg, L., Morley, C. V., Gillon, M., Selsis, F., Agol, E., Bolmont, É., Ducrot, E., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acee02 · Cited by 68
Self-citationWidemann, T., SMREKAR, S. E., Garvin, J. B., Straume-Lindner, A. G., Ocampo, A., Schulte, M. D., Voirin, T., Hensley, S., Dyar, M. D., Whitten, J. L., et al. (2023) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w · Cited by 58
Sensitive probing of exoplanetary oxygen via mid-infrared collisional absorption
Fauchez, T. J., Villanueva, G. L., Schwieterman, E. W., Turbet, M., Arney, G., Pidhorodetska, D., Kopparapu, R. K., Mandell, A. M., & Domagal-Goldman, S. D. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0977-7 · Cited by 56
Self-citationLongevity of moons around habitable planets
Sasaki, T., & Barnes, J. W. (2014) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550414000184 · Cited by 55
“More recently, Kopparapu et al. (2013) estimated the habitable distance to be from 0.99 to 1.7 AU.”
BackgroundInfluentialMAGNETIC SHIELDING OF EXOMOONS BEYOND THE CIRCUMPLANETARY HABITABLE EDGE
Heller, R., & Zuluaga, J. I. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/776/2/l33 · Cited by 55
“Therefore, we compute162 the arithmetic mean of the inner HZ edge (given by the163 moist greenhouse effect) and the outer HZ edge (given by164 the maximum greenhouse) around a K dwarf star (Sec-165 tion 2.1) using the model of Kopparapu et al. (2013).”
MethodInfluentialHADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG
Pinamonti, M., Sozzetti, A., Maldonado, J., Affer, L., Micela, G., Bonomo, A. S., Lanza, A. F., Perger, M., Ribas, I., Hernández, J. I. G., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142828 · Cited by 55
Atmospheric Seasonality as an Exoplanet Biosignature
Olson, S. L., Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., Ridgwell, A. J., Kane, S. R., Meadows, V. S., & Lyons, T. W. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aac171 · Cited by 62
“The resulting loss of spectral sensitivity will further mute the spectral expression of CO2 seasonality on many habitable planets, particularly at the outer edge of the HZ where atmospheric CO2 might be very high (Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe future lifespan of Earth’s oxygenated atmosphere
Ozaki, K., & Reinhard, C. T. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00693-5 · Cited by 56
The Contribution of M-dwarf Flares to the Thermal Escape of Potentially Habitable Planet Atmospheres
do Amaral, L. N. R., Barnes, R., Segura, A., & Luger, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac53af · Cited by 54
“We use the “optimistic” HZ (Kopparapu et al. 2013) to determine when a planet is in the HZ.”
MethodEvidence for the volatile-rich composition of a 1.5-Earth-radius planet
Piaulet, C., Benneke, B., Almenara, J. M., Dragomir, D., Knutson, H. A., Thorngren, D., Peterson, M. S., Crossfield, I. J. M., Kempton, E. M.-R., Kubyshkina, D. I., et al. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01835-4 · Cited by 54
Kaltenegger, L., Sasselov, D., & Rugheimer, S. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/2/l47 · Cited by 54
“…estimate of the range of the narrow HZ is derived from atmospheric models by assuming that the planets have a H2O- and CO2-dominated atmosphere with no cloud feedback on the edges of the HZ and determined based on the stellar flux intercepted by the planet (see Kopparapu et al. 2013 for details).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClimate cycling on early Mars caused by the carbonate–silicate cycle
Batalha, N. E., Kopparapu, R., Haqq-Misra, J. D., & Kasting, J. F. (2016) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.044 · Cited by 55
Self-citationA Limited Habitable Zone for Complex Life
Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., Olson, S. L., Harman, C. E., & Lyons, T. W. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1d52 · Cited by 62
Sanromá, E., Pallé, E., Parenteau, M. N., Kiang, N. Y.-L., Gutiérrez-Navarro, A. M., López, R. L., & Montañés-Rodríguez, P. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/780/1/52 · Cited by 54
“D radiative-convective climate model, first developed by Kasting et al. (1984) and recently substantially updated by Kopparapu et al. (2013) and Ramirez et al. (2013), was used to calculate the atmospheric properties.”
MethodThe Runaway Greenhouse Effect on Hycean Worlds
Innes, H., Tsai, S., & Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace346 · Cited by 54
The unstable CO2feedback cycle on ocean planets
Kitzmann, D., Alibert, Y., Godolt, M., Grenfell, J. L., Heng, K., Patzer, A. B. C., Rauer, H., Stracke, B., & von Paris, P. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1487 · Cited by 53
“For the water-rich atmospheres at high stellar insolations, a relative humidity of unity is used (Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResultExploring Kepler Giant Planets in the Habitable Zone
Hill, M. L., Kane, S. R., Duarte, E. S., Kopparapu, R. K., Gelino, D. M., & Wittenmyer, R. A. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac384 · Cited by 53
“Frequency of Giants in the Habitable Zone The OHZ for each host candidate was computed following the model described by Kopparapu et al. (2013, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets
Díaz, R. F., Delfosse, X., Hobson, M. J., Boisse, I., Astudillo-Defru, N., Bonfils, X., Henry, G. W., Arnold, L., Bouchy, F., Bourrier, V., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935019 · Cited by 53
Pozuelos, F., Suárez, J., de Elía, G. D., Berdiñas, Z., Bonfanti, A., Dugaro, A., Gillon, M., Jehin, E., Günther, M., Grootel, V. V., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038047 · Cited by 17
“Following Kopparapu et al. (2013a, 2014), the optimistic HZ in the GJ 273 system spans between 0.08 and 0.2 au, which establishes that GJ 273b is close to the inner border, but still remaining within it.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
Stock, S., Nagel, E., Kemmer, J., Passegger, V., Reffert, S., Quirrenbach, A., Caballero, J., Czesla, S., Béjar, V., Cardona, C., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038820 · Cited by 14
The origin of RNA precursors on exoplanets.
Rimmer, P. B., Xu, J., Thompson, S. J., Gillen, E., Sutherland, J. D., & Queloz, D. P. (2018) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.72692 · Cited by 52
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS ACROSS SPACE AND TIME
Zackrisson, E., Calissendorff, P., González, J., Benson, A., Johansen, A., & Janson, M. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/214 · Cited by 51
“Current attempts to estimate the occurrence rate fHTP of TPs located in the circumstellar habitable zone indicate a fraction »f 0.1HTP for solar-type stars (Petigura et al. 2013; Batalha 2014) and »f 0.3HTP –0.5 for M dwarfs (Kopparapu et al. 2013; Dressing & Charbonneau 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialFactors Affecting Exoplanet Habitability
Meadows, V., & Barnes, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_57 · Cited by 52
Self-citationImpact of Stellar Superflares on Planetary Habitability
Yamashiki, Y. A., Maehara, H., Airapetian, V., Notsu, Y., Sato, T., Notsu, S., Kuroki, R., Murashima, K., Sato, H., Namekata, K., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2a71 · Cited by 63
Lehmer, O., Catling, D. C., & Krissansen‐Totton, J. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19896-2 · Cited by 55
“revisited A conventional assumption is that the carbonate-silicate weathering cycle will approximately maintain a stable, temperate surface temperature for an Earth-like planet moved about in the HZ [39,7,6] or even a constant temperature [32,34]. Thus, if we moved the modern Earth outward in the HZ, the smaller incid…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNitrogen Dioxide Pollution as a Signature of Extraterrestrial Technology
Kopparapu, R., Arney, G., Haqq-Misra, J., Lustig‐Yaeger, J., & Villanueva, G. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd7f7 · Cited by 56
Self-citationCartier, K. M. S., Gilliland, R. L., Wright, J. T., & Ciardi, D. R. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/804/2/97 · Cited by 51
“For the purposes of this paper, we define a “habitable planet” to be a planet that falls between the moist greenhouse limit and the maximum greenhouse limit as defined by Kopparapu et al. (2013).”
BackgroundMethodKrissansen‐Totton, J., Wogan, N. F., Thompson, M., & Fortney, J. J. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-52642-6 · Cited by 51
“This range is consistent with what is expected for cloud-free runaway greenhouse atmospheres on planets around late M-dwarfs 85,86 , but also maximizesthedurationoftherunawaygreenhousecomparedtocloudy scenarios, and by extension the longevity of hydrodynamic escape.”
Physical constraints on the likelihood of life on exoplanets
Lingam, M., & Loeb, A. (2017) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550417000179 · Cited by 55
“Secondly, we observe that exoplanets in the HZ around M-dwarfs are typically subject to higher values of 〈FEUV〉 compared with the Earth (France et al. 2013), and are also located much closer (Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
BackgroundCould photosynthesis function on Proxima Centauri b?
Ritchie, R. J., Larkum, A. W. D., & Ribas, I. (2017) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550417000167 · Cited by 50
In Search for a Planet Better than Earth: Top Contenders for a Superhabitable World
Schulze‐Makuch, D., Heller, R., & Guinan, E. F. (2020) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2161 · Cited by 50
“The conservative habitable zone, defined by the moist-greenhouse and the maximum greenhouse limits (Kopparapu et al., 2013) is outlined with black solid lines.”
BackgroundYang, J., & Abbot, D. S. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/784/2/155 · Cited by 50
“The orbital distance of tidally locked planets in the habitable zone of M stars should be in the range of ≈0.02–0.2 AU (1 AU is the distance between Earth and Sun) (YCA13; Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013), corresponding to rotation periods of tens of Earthdays.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Atmospheric Radiation Interaction Simulator (AtRIS): Description and Validation
Banjac, S., Herbst, K., & Heber, B. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2018ja026042 · Cited by 50
“First studies of exoplanetary climate models have been performed by, for example, Alberti et al. (2017), Kasting et al. (1993), Kopparapu et al. (2013), and Wolf (2017).”
BackgroundThe Dawes Review 3: The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Planets and Brown Dwarfs
Bailey, J. (2014) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pasa.2014.38 · Cited by 49
“With the narrower definition of the habitable zone discussed above (0.99 – 1.67 AU, Kopparapu et al. 2013) this becomes 8.6 %.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMODELING THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS
Vladilo, G., Silva, L., Murante, G., Filippi, L., & Provenzale, A. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/804/1/50 · Cited by 49
“This is the type of climate tool that is commonly employed in studies of the “habitable zone” (e.g., Kasting 1988; Kasting et al. 1993; von Paris et al. 2013; Kopparapu et al. 2013, 2014).”
MethodKipping, D., Torres, G., Henze, C., Teachey, A., Isaacson, H., Petigura, E., Marcy, G. W., Buchhave, L. A., Chen, J., Bryson, S. T., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/820/2/112 · Cited by 49
“System Architecture All three inner planets orbit interior to the inner edge of the habitable-zone (Kopparapu et al. 2013) and are unlikely to be interesting from an astrobiological perspective.”
BackgroundRelative likelihood for life as a function of cosmic time
Loeb, A., Batista, R. A., & Sloan, D. (2016) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/08/040 · Cited by 71
Lechevallier, L., Vasilchenko, S., Grilli, R., Mondelain, D., Romanini, D., & Campargue, A. (2018) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-11-2159-2018 · Cited by 49
Stellar Activity Manifesting at a One-year Alias Explains Barnard b as a False Positive
Lubin, J., Robertson, P. M., Stefánsson, G., Ninan, J. P., Mahadevan, S., Endl, M., Ford, E. B., Wright, J. T., Beard, C., Bender, C. F., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0057 · Cited by 49
Self-citationNicholson, A., Wilkinson, D. M., Williams, H. T. P., & Lenton, T. M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty658 · Cited by 50
“If the runaway greenhouse that occurred on Venus was unavoidable, as many models suggest (e.g. [Kopparapu et al., 2013]), then Venus would perhaps most closely correspond to a Doomed planet due to the evidence that it once hosted liquid water ([Donahue et al., 1982, Jones and Pickering, 2003]) and…”
BackgroundInfluentialPredicting the Exoplanet Yield of the TESS Prime and Extended Missions through Years 1–7
Kunimoto, M., Winn, J. N., Ricker, G. R., & Vanderspek, R. K. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac68e3 · Cited by 48
The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. II. Population Synthesis in the Era of Kepler
Mulders, G., Mordasini, C., Pascucci, I., Ciesla, F., Emsenhuber, A., & Apai, D. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5187 · Cited by 31
The Effect of Orbital Configuration on the Possible Climates and Habitability of Kepler-62f
Shields, A. L., Barnes, R., Agol, E., Charnay, B., Bitz, C. M., & Meadows, V. (2016) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1353 · Cited by 45
Self-citationPidhorodetska, D., Fauchez, T. J., Villanueva, G. L., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., & Kopparapu, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba4a1 · Cited by 48
“…terrestrial exoplanets that resemble Earth in size, some of the most exciting discoveries point toward planets that fall within the habitable zone (HZ), the region around a star where surface water oceans may be stable under the correct conditions (Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSocia, Q. J., Welsh, W. F., Orosz, J. A., Cochran, W. D., Endl, M., Quarles, B., Short, D. R., Torres, G., Windmiller, G., & Yenawine, M. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab665b · Cited by 48
“The dark green region corresponds to the narrow (conservative) habitable zone, and the light green corresponds to the nominal (extended) habitable zone as defined by Kopparapu et al. (2013a, 2013b).”
BackgroundInfluentialGraham, R. J., & Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9362 · Cited by 50
NGTS-11 b (TOI-1847 b): A Transiting Warm Saturn Recovered from a TESS Single-transit Event
Gill, S., Wheatley, P., Cooke, B., Jordán, A., Nielsen, L., Bayliss, D., Anderson, D., Vines, J., Lendl, M., Acton, J., et al. (2020) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9eb9 · Cited by 29
Warm early Mars surface enabled by high-altitude water ice clouds
Kite, E. S., Steele, L. J., Mischna, M. A., & Richardson, M. I. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2101959118 · Cited by 48
PHOTOMETRY’S BRIGHT FUTURE: DETECTING SOLAR SYSTEM ANALOGS WITH FUTURE SPACE TELESCOPES
Hippke, M., & Angerhausen, D. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/29 · Cited by 47
“Venus is inside the habitable zone (Kopparapu et al. 2013), but if orbiting a slightly less luminous stars, it might be habitable.”
BackgroundRonco, M. P., Guilera, O. M., & de Elía, G. C. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1746 · Cited by 46
A detailed analysis of the Gl 486 planetary system
Caballero, J. A., Gonzalez-Alvarez, E., Brady, M., Trifonov, T., Ellis, T. G., Dorn, C., Cifuentes, C., Molaverdikhani, K., Bean, J. L., Boyajian, T. S., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243548 · Cited by 54
Harada, C., Dressing, C., Kane, S., & Ardestani, B. A. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad3e81 · Cited by 44
Abbot, D. S. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/827/2/117 · Cited by 45
“The outer edge is then marked by some threshold where adding CO2 to the atmosphere no longer provides additional warming, for example if additional CO2 increases Rayleigh scattering more than it increases greenhouse warming (Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodCO2 condensation is a serious limit to the deglaciation of Earth-like planets
Turbet, M., Forget, F., Leconte, J., Charnay, B., & Tobie, G. (2017) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.050 · Cited by 49
“We find that, for a rotation rate Ω = 4 ΩEarth (23.5 ◦ obliquity, radiatively inactive CO2 ice clouds), CO2 can collapse as early as 1.15 AU (Flux ∼ 1033 W m−2, Seff ∼ 0.76).”
BackgroundInfluentialKammerer, J., & Quanz, S. P. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731254 · Cited by 47
“Furthermore, we disregard the conservative habitable zone around G-type stars (Kopparapu et al. 2013), Earths (0.8 – 1.25 REarth), and superEarths (1.25 – 2 REarth), since Fressin et al. (2013) provided empty bins above Porb = 145 d and the data from Burke et al. (2015) extended to Porb = 300 d…”
BackgroundInfluentialIce Caps and Ice Belts: The Effects of Obliquity on Ice−Albedo Feedback
Rose, B. E. J., Cronin, T. W., & Bitz, C. M. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8306 · Cited by 47
“The traditional habitable zone concept assumes a planet with a functioning silicate-weathering feedback and a positive CO2 greenhouse effect (Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
BackgroundObliquity and Eccentricity Constraints for Terrestrial Exoplanets
Kane, S. R., & Torres, S. M. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8fce · Cited by 44
“Significant attention is given to those planets that lie within the Habitable Zone (HZ) of their host stars (Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013, 2014), although the HZ is primarily a target selection tool for future atmospheric studies (Kane & Gelino 2012a).”
BackgroundMethodExploring the realm of scaled solar system analogues with HARPS
Barbato, D., Sozzetti, A., Desidera, S., Damasso, M., Bonomo, A. S., Giacobbe, P., Colombo, L. S., Lazzoni, C., Claudi, R., Gratton, R., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832791 · Cited by 47
“…HD 190360, HD 204313, HD 219134, HD 219828, and HD 47186) are what could be considered solar system analogues, featuring inner low-mass planets and outer giant planets orbiting outside the circumstellar habitable zone outer limit, computed here using the model discussed in Kopparapu et al. (2013).”
MethodScheucher, M., Wunderlich, F., Grenfell, J., Godolt, M., Schreier, F., Kappel, D., Haus, R., Herbst, K., & Rauer, H. (2020) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9084 · Cited by 33
“…method, implemented in previous versions of our model, as well as other similar models developed for the study of terrestrial planets (e.g., Segura et al. 2010; Kopparapu et al. 2013), rely on premixed k-tables for atmospheric conditions, such as pressure, temperature, and composition.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMagma Ocean Evolution of the TRAPPIST-1 Planets
Barth, P., Carone, L., Barnes, R., Noack, L., Mollière, P., & Henning, T. K. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2277 · Cited by 49
“2 of Kopparapu et al. (2013) and choose their values for the runaway greenhouse limit.”
HPIC: The Habitable Worlds Observatory Preliminary Input Catalog
Tuchow, N. W., Stark, C. C., & Mamajek, E. E. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad25ec · Cited by 46
HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG
Perger, M., Garcia-Piquer, A., Ribas, I., Morales, J. C., Affer, L., Micela, G., Damasso, M., Mascareño, A. S., Hernández, J. I. G., Rebolo, R., et al. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628985 · Cited by 46
“For the latter, we use the moist and maximum greenhouse case for the inner and outer habitable zone following Kopparapu et al. (2013).”
MethodThree Small Planets Transiting a Hyades Star
Livingston, J. H., Dai, F., Hirano, T., Gandolfi, D., Nowak, G., Endl, M., Velasco, S., Fukui, A., Narita, N., Prieto-Arranz, J., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa841 · Cited by 53
“Combining our transit and spectroscopic analyses yields a semi-major axis of 0.1624 au and an insolation flux of about 6.5S⊕ for planet d, which is well inside the inner edge of the “recent Venus” habitable zone for this star (Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialModeling the albedo of Earth-like magma ocean planets with H2O-CO2 atmospheres
Pluriel, W., Marcq, E., & Turbet, M. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.08.023 · Cited by 46
“Our results are moreover in agreement with Kopparapu et al. (2013), who previously showed that the Bond albedo increases with stellar temperature.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSuissa, G., Wolf, E. T., Kopparapu, R., Villanueva, G. L., Fauchez, T. J., Mandell, A. M., Arney, G., Gilbert, E. A., Schlieder, J. E., Barclay, T., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b4 · Cited by 48
Self-citationBarnes, R., Deitrick, R., Greenberg, R. J., Quinn, T., & Raymond, S. N. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/801/2/101 · Cited by 45
“In § 3, we present results of hypothetical systems, including planets in the habitable zone (Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013), as well as giant and dwarf planets in the 2:1, 3:1 and 3:2 commensurabilities.”
BackgroundTRAPPIST Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI) Workshop Report
Fauchez, T. J., Turbet, M., Sergeev, D. E., Mayne, N. J., Spiga, A., Sohl, L. E., Saxena, P., Deitrick, R., Gilli, G., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., et al. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abf4df · Cited by 44
Self-citationA cool runaway greenhouse without surface magma ocean
Selsis, F., Leconte, J., Turbet, M., Chaverot, G., & Bolmont, É. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06258-3 · Cited by 45
“This is required to reassess results obtained assuming fully convective profiles on the divergent fate of Venus and the Earth[3, 4], the circumstellar region where surface liquid water can be stable[6, 9] and the occurrence of surface magma oceans[4, 5, 19, 20, 21].”
BackgroundSuper-Earths and Earth-like exoplanets
Lichtenberg, T., & Miguel, Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00122-4 · Cited by 60
HABITABLE ZONE DEPENDENCE ON STELLAR PARAMETER UNCERTAINTIES
Kane, S. R. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/782/2/111 · Cited by 45
“The relation of the HZ boundaries to fundamental stellar properties have been recently recalculated and extended to lower mass stars by Kopparapu et al. (2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTHREE PLANETS ORBITING WOLF 1061
Wright, D. J., Wittenmyer, R. A., Tinney, C. G., Bentley, J. S., & Zhao, J. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8205/817/2/l20 · Cited by 45
Campargue, A., Kassi, S., Mondelain, D., Vasilchenko, S., & Romanini, D. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2016jd025531 · Cited by 45
“…and climate change of the Earth through feedback effects [Kiehl and Trenberth, 1997; Held and Soden, 2000; Ptashnik et al., 2012; Paynter and Ramaswamy, 2011, 2012, 2014] and on the estimated boundaries and extension of habitable zone of stars [Kopparapu et al., 2013; Leconte et al., 2013a, 2013b].”
BackgroundLincowski, A., Lustig-Yaeger, J., & Meadows, V. (2019) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2385 · Cited by 39
Self-citationRobertson, P., Stefánsson, G., Mahadevan, S., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., Beard, C., Bender, C. F., Diddams, S. A., Duong, N., Ford, E. B., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab989f · Cited by 45
“The stellar-heated habitable zone (SHZ; Kopparapu et al. 2013), the range of orbital separations where the stellar insolation may allow surface water, is much closer to the star for M dwarfs.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGallet, F., Charbonnel, C., Amard, L., Brun, A. S., Palacios, A., & Mathis, S. (2016) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629034/pdf · Cited by 51
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OFτCETI AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
Pagano, M., Truitt, A., Young, P. A., & Shim, S.-H. D. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/803/2/90 · Cited by 43
“Locations for the inner and outer edges of the HZ are calculated using the stellar luminosity and temperature parameterizations from Kopparapu et al. (2013a, 2013b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCircumpolar ocean stability on Mars 3 Gy ago
Schmidt, F., Way, M. J., Costard, F., Bouley, S., Séjourné, A., & Aleinov, I. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2112930118 · Cited by 51
Wilson, R. F., Barclay, T., Powell, B. P., Schlieder, J. E., Hedges, C., Montet, B. T., Quintana, E. V., McDonald, I., Penny, M. T., Espinoza, N., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acf3df · Cited by 44
3D climate modeling of Earth-like extrasolar planets orbiting different types of host stars
Godolt, M., Grenfell, J. L., Hamann-Reinus, A., Kitzmann, D., Kunze, M., Langematz, U., von Paris, P., Patzer, A. B. C., Rauer, H., & Stracke, B. (2015) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2015.03.010 · Cited by 44
“…have been studied with 1D models, e.g. Hart (1979), Kasting et al. (1993), Forget (1998), von Paris et al. (2013a), Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011), Kopparapu et al. (2013), and recently also with 3D models, e.g. Abe et al. (2011), Wolf and Toon (2014), Leconte et al. (2013b), Yang et al. (2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialExo-Milankovitch Cycles. I. Orbits and Rotation States
Deitrick, R., Barnes, R., Quinn, T. R., Armstrong, J., Charnay, B., & Wilhelm, C. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa301 · Cited by 44
“…forces, of the Kepler-62 planets and the possible climate of planet f. Kepler-62 f lies in the outer part of the star’s HZ, according to the calculations of Kopparapu et al. (2013), and so an increased abundance of CO2 or some other greenhouse gas is necessary to keep the planet from freezing.”
BackgroundUltrastable environment control for the NEID spectrometer: design and performance demonstration
Robertson, P. M., Anderson, T. B., Stefánsson, G., Hearty, F. R., Monson, A. J., Mahadevan, S., Blakeslee, S., Bender, C. F., Ninan, J. P., Conran, D. N., et al. (2019) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.5.1.015003 · Cited by 44
Self-citationTurbet, M., Gillmann, C., Forget, F., Baudin, B., Palumbo, A. M., Head, J. W., III, & Karatekin, Ö. (2019) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113419 · Cited by 47
“convective models assuming a thermal profile following the water vapour saturation curve (Kasting et al., 1993; Kopparapu et al., 2013; Nakajima et al., 1992).”
BackgroundThe First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. II. Spitzer Confirms TOI-700 d
Rodriguez, J. E., Vanderburg, A. M., Zieba, S., Kreidberg, L., Morley, C. V., Eastman, J. D., Kane, S. R., Spencer, A., Quinn, S. N., Cloutier, R., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b3 · Cited by 44
“The location of the habitable zone of planetary systems is calculated based on the premise that a planet similar to Earth could retain surface liquid water given sufficient atmospheric pressure (Kasting et al. 1993; Kane & Gelino 2012; Kopparapu et al. 2013, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLacedelli, G., Wilson, T. G., Malavolta, L., Hooton, M. J., Cameron, A. C., Alibert, Y., Mortier, A., Bonfanti, A., Haywood, R. D., Hoyer, S., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac199 · Cited by 44
Diving into Exoplanets: Are Water Seas the Most Common?
Ballesteros, F., Fernández-Soto, A., & Martı́nez, V. J. (2019) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1720 · Cited by 43
Three planets orbiting Wolf 1061
Wright, D. J., Wittenmyer, R. A., Tinney, C. G., Bentley, J., & Zhao, J. (2016) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 43
An unusually low-density super-Earth transiting the bright early-type M-dwarf GJ 1018 (TOI-244)
Castro-González, A., Demangeon, O. D. S., Lillo-Box, J., Lovis, C., Lavie, B., Adibekyan, V., Acuña, L., Deleuil, M., Aguichine, A., Osorio, M. R. Z., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346550 · Cited by 43
A 3D picture of moist-convection inhibition in hydrogen-rich atmospheres: Implications for K2-18 b
Leconte, J., Spiga, A., Clément, N., Guerlet, S., Selsis, F., Milcareck, G., Cavalié, T., Moreno, R., Lellouch, E., Carrión-González, Ó., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348928 · Cited by 43
Could cirrus clouds have warmed early Mars?
Ramirez, R. M., & Kasting, J. F. (2016) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.08.016 · Cited by 43
“In recent versions of this model (Kopparapu et al., 2013; Ramirez et al., 2014a), the atmosphere is divided into 100 logarithmically spaced layers that extend from the ground to a specified low pressure at the top of the atmosphere (~10−4 bar).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationZodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT). VII. A Temperate Candidate Super-Earth in the Hyades Cluster
Vanderburg, A. M., Mann, A. W., Rizzuto, A. C., Bieryla, A., Kraus, A. L., Berlind, P., Calkins, M. L., Curtis, J. L., Douglas, S. T., Esquerdo, G. A., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aac894 · Cited by 46
Apai, D., Milster, T. D., Kim, D. W., Bixel, A., Schneider, G., Liang, R., & Arenberg, J. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2631 · Cited by 42
Atmospheric Escape From TOI-700 d: Venus versus Earth Analogs
Dong, C., Jin, M., & Lingam, M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab982f · Cited by 43
“The first step in this endeavor conventionally entails identifying planets in the so-called “habitable zone” (HZ), i.e., the region around the star where a rocky planet can theoretically host liquid water on its surface (e.g., Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kopparapu, R. K., Ramirez, R., Kasting, J. F., Eymet, V., Robinson, T. D., Mahadevan, S., Terrien, R. C., Domagal-Goldman, S., Meadows, V., & Deshpande, R.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux (FR)
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2013-02-26
- Volume
- 765
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2047751764
- Cited by
- 1,615
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 157 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 55
- FWCI
- 61.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1126413, 1006676)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNH05ZDA001C)
- Pennsylvania Space Grant Consortium
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities
- University of Pennsylvania
- University of Washington
- Pennsylvania State University
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- NASA Headquarters
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Keywords
- habitable zone, main-sequence stars, terrestrial exoplanets, water loss, runaway greenhouse, stellar effective temperature, stellar flux, M dwarfs, K stars, F and G stars
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