A single-pixel wireless contact lens display
Abstract
We present the design, construction and in vivo rabbit testing of a wirelessly powered contact lens display. The display consists of an antenna, a 500 × 500 µm2 silicon power harvesting and radio integrated circuit, metal interconnects, insulation layers and a 750 × 750 µm2 transparent sapphire chip containing a custom-designed micro-light emitting diode with peak emission at 475 nm, all integrated onto a contact lens. The display can be powered wirelessly from ∼1 m in free space and ∼2 cm in vivo on a rabbit. The display was tested on live, anesthetized rabbits with no observed adverse effect. In order to extend display capabilities, design and fabrication of micro-Fresnel lenses on a contact lens are presented to move toward a multipixel display that can be worn in the form of a contact lens. Contact lenses with integrated micro-Fresnel lenses were also tested on live rabbits and showed no adverse effect.
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Opaque electronic materials for sensors, IC chips, metal antennas, and interconnects can block users' vision.
“These issues include (i) the use of opaque electronic materials for sensors, integrated circuit (IC) chips, metal antennas, and interconnects that can block users’ vision (15, 17, 18);”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Lingley, A. R., Ali, M., Liao, Y., Mirjalili, R., Klonner, M., Sopanen, M., Suihkonen, S., Shen, T., Otis, B. P., Lipsanen, H., & Parviz, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Aalto University (FI)
- Venue
- Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2011-11-22
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 125014
- ISSN
- 0960-1317 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6439
- OpenAlex
- W2050813770
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agilent Technologies
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- wireless power transfer, micro-LEDs, in vivo evaluation, rabbit eye, wearable displays
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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