A contact lens with integrated telecommunication circuit and sensors for wireless and continuous tear glucose monitoring
Open accessAbstract
We present an integrated functional contact lens, composed of a differential glucose sensor module, metal interconnects, sensor read-out circuit, antenna and telecommunication circuit, to monitor tear glucose levels wirelessly, continuously and non-invasively. The electrochemical differential sensor module is based on immobilization of activated and de-activated glucose oxidase. We characterized the sensor on a model polymer eye and determined that it showed good repeatability, molecular interference rejection and linearity in the range of 0–2 mM glucose, covering normal tear glucose concentrations (0.1–0.6 mM). We also report the temperature, ageing and protein-fouling sensitivity of the sensor. We report the design and implementation of a low-power (3 µW) sensor read-out and telecommunication circuit to deliver wireless power and transmit data for the sensor module. Using this small chip (0.36 mm 2 ), we produced an integrated contact lens with sensors and demonstrated wireless operation of the system and glucose read-out over the distance of several centimeters.
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Wearable tear biosensors have been used for continuous glucose monitoring since 2007 and later for lactate sensing since 2012.
“Wearable tear biosensors have been used for continuous glucose monitoring since 2007 [147,148,149], and later for lactate sensing since 2012 [150].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [149]
The Parviz team demonstrated electrochemical biosensing and investigated different biosensing strategies to achieve good sensitivity, linearity and accuracy.
“Further advances for the field came with the demonstration of electrochemical biosensing by the Parviz team114-116. This group investigated different biosensing strategies to achieve good sensitivity, linearity and accuracy.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [115]
The Parviz team resolved interference issues by introducing the 'dual sensor setup' that implements additional control (GOx-free) working and counter electrodes.
“Also, they were able to resolve interference issues by introducing the ‘dual sensor setup’ that implements additional control (GOx-free) working and counter electrodes114,115.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Yao, H., Liao, Y., Lingley, A. R., Afanasiev, A., Lähdesmäki, I., Otis, B. P., & Parviz, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parviz, B A
- Venue
- Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2012-06-07
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 075007
- ISSN
- 0960-1317 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6439
- OpenAlex
- W2029714639
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0937710)
- University of Washington
- Division of Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- smart contact lens, non-invasive glucose monitoring, tear glucose, glucose oxidase immobilization, electrochemical sensor, wireless data transmission, wireless power transfer, low-power readout circuit, antenna, protein fouling, sensor aging, temperature sensitivity
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