A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level
Open accessAbstract
We report the design, construction, and testing of a contact lens with an integrated amperometric glucose sensor, proposing the possibility of in situ human health monitoring simply by wearing a contact lens. The glucose sensor was constructed by creating microstructures on a polymer substrate, which was subsequently shaped into a contact lens. Titania sol-gel film was applied to immobilize glucose oxidase, and Nafion® was used to decrease several potential interferences (ascorbic acid, lactate, and urea) present in the tear film. The sensor exhibits a fast response (20s), a high sensitivity (240 μA cm(-2) mM(-1)) and a good reproducibility after testing a number of sensors. It shows good linearity for the typical range of glucose concentrations in the tear film (0.1-0.6 mM), and acceptable accuracy in the presence of interfering agents. The sensor can attain a minimum detection of less than 0.01 mM glucose.
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Changes in the hydrogel volume results in diffracted Bragg peak shifts, which can be used as an optical transducer to report on glucose concentration in tears.
“Hence, changes in the hydrogel volume results in diffracted Bragg peak shifts, which can be used as an optical transducer to report on glucose concentration in tears.72”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [72]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a photonic-crystal hydrogel whose light wavelength varies with glucose concentration and proposes its use in a contact lens to read glucose levels. It does not describe hydrogel-volume changes or diffracted Bragg-peak shifts. The Abstract identifies this paper’s own sensor as amperometric, not optical. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBy considering the correlation between tear glucose level and blood glucose level, a glucose sensor fitted on a contact lens can provide noninvasive monitoring of a user's glucose levels from tear fluids, with a lag time between tear glucose and blood glucose in the range of 10 to 20 min.
“By considering the correlation between the tear glucose level and blood glucose level (15), a glucose sensor fitted on a contact lens can provide the noninvasive monitoring of user’s glucose levels from tear fluids with a consideration of the lag time between tear glucose level and blood glucose level in the range of 10 to 20 min (13–16).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
Hydrogen peroxide is decomposed, producing oxygen, protons (H+ ion), and electrons.
“This hydrogen peroxide is also decomposed, producing oxygen, protons (H+ ion), and electrons (14, 16, 37).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Yao, H., Shum, A. J., Cowan, M., Lähdesmäki, I., & Parviz, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Parviz, Babak A.
- ORCID
- Yao, Huanfen
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3290-3296
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3043144
- OpenAlex
- W2071639338
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute (P50HG002360)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Keywords
- contact lenses, amperometric glucose sensor, tear glucose, glucose monitoring, glucose oxidase immobilization, Nafion, ascorbic acid interference, urea interference, wearable health monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Contact Lenses, Enzymes, Immobilized, Equipment Design, Glucose, Glucose Oxidase, Humans, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tears, Biosensing Techniques
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