Soft contact lens biosensor for in situ monitoring of tear glucose as non-invasive blood sugar assessment
Abstract
A contact lens (CL) biosensor for in situ monitoring of tear glucose was fabricated and tested. Biocompatible 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer and polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) were employed as the biosensor material. The biosensor consists of a flexible Pt working electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference/counter electrode, which were formed by micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique. The electrode at the sensing region was modified with glucose oxidase (GOD). The CL biosensor showed a good relationship between the output current and glucose concentration in a range of 0.03-5.0mM, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The calibration range covered the reported tear glucose concentrations in normal and diabetic patients. Also, the CL biosensor was applied to a rabbit for the purpose of tear glucose monitoring. The basal tear glucose was estimated to 0.11 mM. Also, the change of tear glucose induced by the change of blood sugar level was assessed by the oral glucose tolerance test. As a result, tear glucose level increased with a delay of 10 min from blood sugar level. The result showed that the CL biosensor is expected to provide further detailed information about the relationship between dynamics of blood glucose and tear glucose.
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These reversible optical sensors can quantify a wide range of analytes including pH, metal ions, carbohydrates, and alcohol, as well as temperature.
“These reversible optical sensors can quantify a wide range of analytes including pH,73 metal ions,74 carbohydrates,75 and alcohol,76 as well as temperature.77”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [74]
Tear glucose concentrations have been demonstrated to exhibit good correlation with blood glucose levels, reflecting diffusion from the lachrymal artery when tears are sampled without eye irritation or stimulation, which can compromise the relationship.
“In particular, tear glucose concentrations have been demonstrated to exhibit good correlation with blood glucose levels, reflecting the diffusion from the lachrymal artery when the tears are sampled without any eye irritation or stimulation, which can compromise the relationship94, 95, 99-101.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [100]
The requirement for bulky and expensive equipment for signal measurements limits the use of smart contact lenses outside research laboratories or clinical settings by restricting users' external activities.
“(iv) the requirement for bulky and expensive equipment for signal measurements, which limits the use of smart contact lenses outside of research laboratories or clinical settings by restricting users’ external activities (14, 15, 20, 23).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
By considering the correlation between tear glucose level and blood glucose level, a glucose sensor fitted on a contact lens can provide noninvasive monitoring of a user's glucose levels from tear fluids, with a lag time between tear glucose and blood glucose in the range of 10 to 20 min.
“By considering the correlation between the tear glucose level and blood glucose level (15), a glucose sensor fitted on a contact lens can provide the noninvasive monitoring of user’s glucose levels from tear fluids with a consideration of the lag time between tear glucose level and blood glucose level in the range of 10 to 20 min (13–16).”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
Opaque electronic materials for sensors, IC chips, metal antennas, and interconnects can block users' vision.
“These issues include (i) the use of opaque electronic materials for sensors, integrated circuit (IC) chips, metal antennas, and interconnects that can block users’ vision (15, 17, 18);”
From Soft, smart contact lenses with integrations of wireless circuits, glucose sensors, and displays (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Chu, M. X., Miyajima, K., Takahashi, D., Arakawa, T., Sano, K., Sawada, S.-I., Kudo, H., Iwasaki, Y., Akiyoshi, K., Mochizuki, M., & Mitsubayashi, K.
- Affiliations
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- Kansai University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Mitsubayashi, Kohji
- ORCID
- Venue
- Talanta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 960-965
- ISSN
- 0039-9140 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2007320634
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Talanta (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- tear glucose, non-invasive glucose monitoring, glucose oxidase, platinum electrode, MEMS electrodes, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, polydimethylsiloxane, diabetes mellitus, oral glucose tolerance test, blood glucose dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Glucose, Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic, Humans, Rabbits, Tears, Biosensing Techniques
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