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Neuropathological Protection after Traumatic Brain Injury in Intact Female Rats Versus Males or Ovariectomized Females
Abstract
An important consideration in traumatic brain injury (TBI) in females is the influence of hormones on recovery. Recent studies in both cerebral ischemia and TBI have demonstrated an attenuation in both damage and neurologic recovery following hormonal treatment. However, the ability of endogenous hormone levels to provide neuropathological protection after fluid percussion (FP) brain injury has not been studied. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether endogenous circulating hormones in the female rat could provide neuroprotection compared to males and ovariectomized female animals. Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a moderate (1.7-2.2 atm) right parasagittal FP injury. Intact females (i.e., nonovariectomized) were subjected to injury either during the proestrous (TBI-FP, n = 18) phase of their cycle or nonproestrous (TBI-FNP, n = 19) phase. A separate group of females were ovariectomized (TBI-OVX, n = 10) 10 days prior to FP injury in order to reduce hormone levels. Male animals were also traumatized (TBI-M, n = 17). Appropriate sham controls (Sham-FP, n = 2; Sham-FNP, n = 2; Sham-OVX, n = 2; Sham-M, n = 2) also underwent all aspects of surgery except for the actual FP injury. All groups were sacrificed 3 days following TBI for analysis. Both intact female groups had significantly (p < 0.05) smaller cortical contusions compared to male animals. In addition to this finding, the TBI-FNP group was significantly (p < 0.04) different from the ovariectomized female animals. Ovariectomized rats had larger areas of damage compared to intact females. The TBI-OVX group's cortical contusion volume was similar to male animals. These results provide evidence for endogenous hormonal histopathological protection following parasagittal FP brain injury. The use of hormone therapy after TBI warrants continued exploration.
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“Estrous stage at injury did not influence contusion volumes or behavioral outcomes in female rats. 38,61”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [61]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bramlett, H. M., & Dietrich, W. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 891-900
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- OpenAlex
- W1970991292
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-30291, P50NS030291)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, fluid percussion injury, sex differences, ovariectomy, endogenous hormones, neuroprotection, estrous cycle, proestrus, cortical contusion, female rats, hormone therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Injuries, Cell Count, Estrogens, Female, Hippocampus, Male, Ovariectomy, Proestrus, Progesterone, Sex Factors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Recovery of Function, Rats
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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