Time to Face It! Facebook Intrusion and the Implications for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction
Abstract
Young people's exposure to social network sites such as Facebook is increasing, along with the potential for such use to complicate romantic relationships. Yet, little is known about the overlaps between the online and offline worlds. We extended previous research by investigating the links between Facebook intrusion, jealousy in romantic relationships, and relationship outcomes in a sample of undergraduates currently in a romantic relationship. A Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire was developed based on key features of technological (behavioral) addictions. An eight-item Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire with a single-factor structure was supported; internal consistency was high. Facebook intrusion was linked to relationship dissatisfaction, via jealous cognitions and surveillance behaviors. The results highlight the possibility of high levels of Facebook intrusion spilling over into romantic relationships, resulting in problems such as jealousy and dissatisfaction. The results have implications for romantic relationships and for Facebook users in general.
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Social media addictions are associated with social isolation and loneliness.
“Several studies have reported that social media addictions are associated with social isolation and loneliness”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Elphinston & Noller, 2011
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Interpersonal surveillance over social network sites
Tokunaga, R. (2016) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514568749 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The pervasive use of online surveillance and its influence on relationships (Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Muise, Cristofides, & Desmarais, 2009; Tokunaga, 2011) invite investigation on this topic.”
BackgroundInfluentialForoughi, B., Iranmanesh, M., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2019) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101247 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Varona, M. N., Muela, A., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107400 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Understanding students’ behavior in online social networks: a systematic literature review
Masrom, M. B., Busalim, A. H., Abuhassna, H., & Mahmood, N. H. N. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00240-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Abbasi, I. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.038 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Piteo, E. M., & Ward, K. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12373 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Rus, H., & Tiemensma, J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Construct Scale Studies utilizing this scale Reliability Validity M AN US CR IP T AC CE PT ED ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT SOCIAL NETWORK SITES AND ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS 67 Jealousy Facebook Jealousy Scale Billedo, Kirkhof, & Finkenauer (2015) Drouin, Miller, & Dibble (2014) Internal consistency: α = .96 None Hudson et al. (2…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiu, Y., Duan, L., Shen, Q., Ma, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, L., Wu, Y., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60326-w · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“The internet addiction level was measured using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) developed by Wei 59,60 .”
Blanca, M., & Bendayan, R. (2018) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2018.153 · Cited by 70
“The Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ; Elphinston & Noller, 2011) comprises eight items rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).”
Cheng, C., Ebrahimi, O. V., & Luk, J. W. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27000 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The most popular ones include the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire [18] and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) [19].”
BackgroundBłachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Benvenuti, M., Mazzoni, E., & Seidman, G. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-0038-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…person cannot have access to Facebook; (2) relapse and reinstatement, when person has failure in controlling their amount of Facebook use and cannot reduce it; and (3) euphoria, which embraces positive feelings and sense of connectedness with other people while using (Elphinston and Noller 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialOnline Mate-Retention Tactics on Facebook Are Associated With Relationship Aggression
Brem, M. J., Spiller, L., & Vandehey, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260514554286 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Such surveillance behaviors may also provide a precipitant for intimate partner violence (Bowe, 2010; Elphinston & Noller, 2011; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009).”
BackgroundProblematic Facebook use and procrastination
Przepiórka, A., Błachnio, A., & Díaz‐Morales, J. F. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.022 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Facebook intrusion includes such aspects as “withdrawal (distress related to an inability to access Facebook), relapse and reinstatement (efforts to reduce Facebook use that have been unsuccessful), and euphoria (feeling connected to others when using Facebook)” (Elphinston & Noller, 2011, p. 631).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSocial Networking Sites Addiction and the Effect of Attitude towards Social Network Advertising
Can, L., & Kaya, N. (2016) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.059 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…it for more than 60 min per day or those who use it for more than five hours per day (Hong et al., 2014) SNS addiction (also known as SNS intrusion) is defined as excessive involvement SNS activities and is a frequent cause of problems in everyday social functioning (Elphinston and Noller, 2011).”
BackgroundNavigating romantic relationships on Facebook
LeFebvre, L. E., Blackburn, K. G., & Brody, N. (2015) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514524848 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Facebook can encourage jealous thoughts and the engagement of surveillance behaviors, which have been found to be associated with dissatisfying relationships (Elphinston & Noller, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDon't It Make My Brown Eyes Green? An Analysis of Facebook Use and Romantic Jealousy
Muscanell, N., Guadagno, R., Rice, L., & Murphy, S. (2013) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0411 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“5 These results support the notion that Facebook use may produce or exacerbate jealousy within romantic relationships.”
Nitzburg, G. C., & Farber, B. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22045 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Tammisalo, K., & Rotkirch, A. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221087942 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“For example, studies using behavioral addiction scales in relation to ICT use (Elphinston & Noller, 2011) were excluded.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWang, M., Xu, Q., & He, N. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106601 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Bröning, S., & Wartberg, L. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106996 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
McCrory, A., Best, P., & Maddock, A. (2020) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.2196/preprints.18177 · Cited by 61
Social networking, a new online addiction: a review of Facebook and other addiction disorders
Guedes, E., Nardi, A. E., Guimarães, F. L., Machado, S. E. D. C., & King, A. L. S. (2016) · Medical Express · doi:10.5935/medicalexpress.2016.01.01 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
- Authors
- Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-05-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 631-635
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W2081820715
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 57.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- romantic jealousy, relationship satisfaction, relationship dissatisfaction, social network sites, young adults, technology addiction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Jealousy, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Young Adult, Social Media
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