Cited by 930Impact of Technology on AdolescentsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionMedia and Digital Communication

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The Facebook Paths to Happiness: Effects of the Number of Facebook Friends and Self-Presentation on Subjective Well-Being

Kim, Junghyun, Lee, Jong-Eun Roselyn·2011·Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

DOI 10.1089/cyber.2010.0374

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Abstract

The current study investigates whether and how Facebook increases college-age users' subjective well-being by focusing on the number of Facebook friends and self-presentation strategies (positive vs. honest). A structural equation modeling analysis of cross-sectional survey data of college student Facebook users (N=391) revealed that the number of Facebook friends had a positive association with subjective well-being, but this association was not mediated by perceived social support. Additionally, we found that there was a negative curvilinear (inverted U-shape curve) relationship between Facebook friends and perceived social support. As for self-presentation strategies, whereas positive self-presentation had a direct effect on subjective well-being, honest self-presentation had a significant indirect effect on subjective well-being through perceived social support. Our study suggests that the number of Facebook friends and positive self-presentation may enhance users' subjective well-being, but this portion of happiness may not be grounded in perceived social support. On the other hand, honest self-presentation may enhance happiness rooted in social support provided by Facebook friends. Implications of our findings are discussed in light of affirmation of self-worth, time and effort required for building and maintaining friendships, and the important role played by self-disclosure in signaling one's need for social support.

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Zhu, B., Yeung, C.-H., & Liem, R. (2020) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2020.125670 · Cited by 8
Sentiment Prediction in Social Networks
Jin, S., & Zafarani, R. (2018) · 2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW) · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2018.00190 · Cited by 8
“A recent study corroborates this finding: having more friends on social networks may enhance a user’s subjective well-being [9].”
Background
To unfriend or not: exploring factors affecting users in keeping friends on Facebook and the implications on mediated voyeurism
Wang, S. S. (2015) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2014.990469 · Cited by 10
Translucent society and its non-fortuitous design: Producing and consuming reality through images
Izák, M. (2014) · Culture and Organization · doi:10.1080/14759551.2014.950659 · Cited by 8
“Research suggests that the intensity of Facebook activity is correlated with narcissism (Mehdizadeh 2010) and that not only the degree of positivity, but also the scale of self-presentation (measured in the number of ‘friendships’) enhances users’ subjective well-being (Kim and Lee 2011).”
Background
Self-Presentation Strategies among Users of Social Networking Sites
Ahmed, A. (2014) · International Journal of Interactive Communication Systems and Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijicst.2014070105 · Cited by 8
Affiliation or Power
Heser, K., Banse, R., & Imhoff, R. (2015) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000144 · Cited by 8
Imagine, feel “there”, and flow! Immersive experiences on m-Facebook, and their affective and behavioural effects
Rodríguez‐Ardura, I., & Meseguer‐Artola, A. (2018) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-10-2017-0358 · Cited by 60
“…m-Facebook, users plunge into an entertaining and highly engrossing environment, one that allows them to discover what is happening around them, share stories and life experiences with their personal social networks, and express and feel better about themselves (Kim and Lee, 2011; Li et al., 2015).”
Background
Adolescent Emotional Expression on Social Media: A Data Donation Study Across Three European Countries
Fitzgerald, K., Vandenbosch, L., & Tabruyn, T. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00259-9 · Cited by 7
“…has been tied to the ability to openly share and discuss negative emotions, such as sadness, anxiety, or anger, on digital platforms (Kim & Lee, 2011), and potential positive outcomes or drivers of this expression including associations with increased self-esteem (Niu et al., 2015)…”
Online self-presentation: Psychological predictors and outcomes
Wilson, C., Talbot, C. V., & Scott, G. G. (2024) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2024.100147 · Cited by 9
“Although this is inconsistent with some previous work (e.g. [20,34 – 36]), our finding supports Kim and Lee [38] who argued that happiness was positively related to presenting an ideal self-online.”
BackgroundResult
The link between Facebook addiction and depression among university students: Evidence from a lower‐middle income country
Sarker, M. S., Imtiaz, A., Haque, S., & Mahmud, K. T. (2023) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1755 · Cited by 7
“8,10 Nevertheless, these positive impacts of Facebook usage cannot conceal its psychologically harmful effects on the other hand.”
Background
Unique… like everyone else: effects and mechanisms of personalization appeals in recruitment advertising
Pfiffelmann, J., Pfeuffer, A., Dens, N., & Soulez, S. (2023) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2023.2203577 · Cited by 9
“…indicators of a strong sense of uniqueness that may manifest in observable attributes of individuals, including a large number of connections on social media platforms (Kim and Lee 2011) or high activity on social media (Davenport et al. 2014), such as frequently posting selfies (Sung et al. 2016).”
Background
Does Facebook use influence users’ psychological well-being (PWB)? A literature review on trends and psychological well-being effects of Facebook use
Astatke, M., Weng, C., & Chen, H.-L. (2022) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-022-00938-z · Cited by 7
Sustainable Knowledge Contribution in Open Innovation Platforms: An Absorptive Capacity Perspective on Network Effects
Wang, Y., & Qi, G.-J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116536 · Cited by 7
The influence of public health information sharing on social media during the early COVID-19 outbreak
Chen, C.-C., & Chiu, Y. (2021) · Data Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1108/dta-09-2020-0232 · Cited by 8
Find me here: share store information through check-in
Yin, C., Tang, Y.-C., Hsieh, Y.-C., Chiu, H.-C., & Jhu, S.-J. (2021) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/jrim-03-2021-0062 · Cited by 12
Reasons for Sharing With Separate Social Media Audiences During Life Transitions
Liu, T., Glover, J., & Haimson, O. L. (2020) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3406865.3418306 · Cited by 7
“emotional wellbeing and access to social resources [11, 17].”
Background
Facts vs. Stories - Assessment and Conventional Signals as Predictors of Freelancers' Performance in Online Labor Markets
Holthaus, C., & Stock, R. (2018) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2018.438 · Cited by 7
Self-Compassion, Psychological Resilience and Social Media Use in Thai Students
Boonlue, T., Briggs, P., & Sillence, E. (2016) · British Computer Society Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2016.4 · Cited by 7
Social Contributors and Consequences of Habitual and Compulsive Game Play
Wohn, D. Y., Lee, Y.-H., & Ozkaya, E. (2015) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.2015070102 · Cited by 2
“Other studies found a curvilinear relationship between number of Facebook Friends and social/physical attractiveness (Tong, Van Der Heide, Langwell, & Walther, 2008), social capital (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2011), loneliness (Wohn & LaRose, 2014), and subjective well-being (Kim & Lee, 2011).”
Background
Time to Introduce Myself!
Lu, D., & Farzan, R. (2015) · ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci) · doi:10.1145/2786451.2786478 · Cited by 4
“…sites [27], impact of personal factors on the nature of self-disclosure [5, 17, 29], impact of self-presentation and its structure on individuals’ subsequent behavior and feelings [22, 20, 15], and nature and impact of self-disclosure in online spaces with potential of face-to-face meetings [11].”
Background
Redefining Boundaries in Families through Social Networking Leisure
Sharaievska, I., & Stodolska, M. (2015) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2015.1021882 · Cited by 27
“…understandable considering the opportunity provided by SNS to make the boundaries of the family more permeable, access new information from outside of family, “try on” different identities, and explore their relation to peer group and community (Kim & Lee, 2010; Pempek et al., 2009; Watkins, 2009).”
Background
A multilevel analysis of the effects of indoor activities on psychological wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic
Çetin, M., & Kökalan, Ö. (2021) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.446891 · Cited by 11
“Kim & Lee (2011) provide evidence for the positive relationship between the number of Facebook friends and subjective wellbeing.”
Background
Facebook, Social Comparison, and Subjective Well-Being
Joseph, J. J. (2019) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9412-3.ch011 · Cited by 3
Analisis Fenomena Flexing: Keterkaitan Antara Gaya Hidup dan Popularitas
Rojiati, U., & Afifah, N. (2024) · Komsospol · doi:10.47637/komsospol.v4i1.1220 · Cited by 6
Adolescent Athletes’ Self-Presentations on Social Media and Their Self-Esteem as Moderated by Their Perceptions of Responsiveness by Others
Yang, K., Kwon, S., & Jang, D. (2023) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125231216020 · Cited by 6
“In previous studies (Gao et al., 2023; Kim & Lee, 2011), the internal consistency for this scale was shown to meet with Cronbach alpha coef ﬁ cients of .72 and .84 respectively.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Role of Personality, Self-Disclosure, and Envy in Maladaptive Social Media Engagement
Shanahan, D., Russell, C., & Alderman, J. (2023) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0272 · Cited by 6
Tumblr Facts: Antecedents of Self-Disclosure across Different Social Networking Sites
Bianchi, M., Fabbricatore, R., & Caso, D. (2022) · European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe12090087 · Cited by 6
What Motivates People to Support?: Impacts of Message Valence and Self-Efficacy on Linguistic Features of Response
Malloch, Y. Z., & Feng, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.798205 · Cited by 5
HUMAN FACTORS IN SOCIAL MEDIA
Gao, Q., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119636113.ch45 · Cited by 12
Exploring digital support for the student transition to university through questionable concepts
Thomas, L., Vines, J., & Briggs, P. (2021) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-021-01570-z · Cited by 10
The Perceived Impact of Social Networking Sites and Apps on the Social Capital of Saudi Postgraduate Students: A Case Study
Alghamdi, A. A., & Plunkett, M. (2021) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi13010020 · Cited by 11
“In the online community, there appears to be a positive association between frequent online communication and social networks on the one hand, and an individual’s life satisfaction on the other hand [26,27].”
Background
A cross-cultural study to explore the differential impacts of online social capital on psychosocial outcomes
Selim, H. A., Scott, G. G., & Kaye, L. K. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100087 · Cited by 9
Students’ Profiles of Information Seeking Behaviors on Facebook: Relations to Personality, Time Management, Gender, and Facebook Use
Coşkun, T. K., Erdogdu, F., & Kokoç, M. (2020) · International Journal of Technology in Education and Science · doi:10.46328/ijtes.v4i2.87 · Cited by 6
The Impact of an Online Happiness Course on Subjective Happiness Among College Students
Rodowicz, C. M., Morris, L. O., Sidman, C. L., & Beyer, K. (2020) · Building Healthy Academic Communities Journal · doi:10.18061/bhac.v4i1.7086 · Cited by 9
“This measurement has been widely employed in happiness or well-being based research (Bögels, Hoogstad, van Dun, de Schutter, & Restifo, 2008; Kim & Lee, 2011; Duckworth, Steen, & Seligman, 2005).”
Method
Association of Self-Presentational Strategies on Facebook and Positive Feedback in Adolescence – A Two-Study Approach
Metzler, A., & Scheithauer, H. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-180246 · Cited by 8
Are you talking to me?
Walkington, Z., Pike, G., Strathie, A., Havard, C., Ness, H., & Harrison, V. (2018) · Narrative Inquiry · doi:10.1075/ni.17040.wal · Cited by 6

Authors: Kim, J., & Lee, J.-E. R.
Affiliations: School of Communication Studies, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
Hope College (US)
ORCID: Lee, Jong-Eun Roselyn
Venue: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2011-06
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Pages: 359-364
ISSN: 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
2152-2723
DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0374
OpenAlex: W2172114557
Cited by: 930
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 58.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations: Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Hope College Digital Commons (Hope College) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
Keywords: Facebook, subjective well-being, happiness, self-presentation, positive self-presentation, perceived social support, university students, social media use, self-disclosure, self-worth
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Personal Satisfaction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Perception, Social Support, Universities, Internet, Friends

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The Facebook Paths to Happiness: Effects of the Number of Facebook Friends and Self-Presentation on Subjective Well-Being

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