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The Facebook Paths to Happiness: Effects of the Number of Facebook Friends and Self-Presentation on Subjective Well-Being
Abstract
The current study investigates whether and how Facebook increases college-age users' subjective well-being by focusing on the number of Facebook friends and self-presentation strategies (positive vs. honest). A structural equation modeling analysis of cross-sectional survey data of college student Facebook users (N=391) revealed that the number of Facebook friends had a positive association with subjective well-being, but this association was not mediated by perceived social support. Additionally, we found that there was a negative curvilinear (inverted U-shape curve) relationship between Facebook friends and perceived social support. As for self-presentation strategies, whereas positive self-presentation had a direct effect on subjective well-being, honest self-presentation had a significant indirect effect on subjective well-being through perceived social support. Our study suggests that the number of Facebook friends and positive self-presentation may enhance users' subjective well-being, but this portion of happiness may not be grounded in perceived social support. On the other hand, honest self-presentation may enhance happiness rooted in social support provided by Facebook friends. Implications of our findings are discussed in light of affirmation of self-worth, time and effort required for building and maintaining friendships, and the important role played by self-disclosure in signaling one's need for social support.
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“When used to judicious social ends, smartphone and social media use can yield many positive outcomes, from increased subjective well-being (Kim and Lee, 2011) to better romantic relationships (Steers et al., 2014)”
From Hypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as Kim and Lee, 2011
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“Further research suggests that both the number of online friendships, and positive self-presentation, which may elevate the user's self-esteem , may relate to subjective wellbeing (Kim & Lee, 2011; Steinfield et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultAbosag, I., Ramadan, Z. B., Baker, T., & Jin, Z. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.016 · Cited by 175
“Studies have shown that there is a positive psychological outcome gained from engagement on an SNS (e.g. Burke, Marlow, and Lento, 2010; Ellison, 2007; Kim and Lee, 2011; Steinfield, Ellison, and Lampe, 2008; Valenzuela, Park, and Kee, 2009; Valkenburg, Peter, and Schouten, 2006).”
Karagöz, D., Işık, C., Doğru, T., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.1816929 · Cited by 156
WhatsApp use and student's psychological well-being: Role of social capital and social integration
Bano, S., Ci-sheng, W., Khan, A., & Khan, N. A. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.06.002 · Cited by 177
Zhang, G., Yang, X., Tu, X., Ding, N., & Lau, J. T. F. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.047 · Cited by 133
Machiavellianism, self-monitoring, self-promotion and relational aggression on Facebook
Abell, L., & Brewer, G. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.076 · Cited by 133
“…the amount and type of information posted (e.g. emphasising positive qualities) enables the user to create and enhance a particular image (Chen & Marcus, 2012; Kim & Lee, 2011; Schlenker & Pontari, 2000; Utz, 2010; Zhang, 2010), which may encourage the trust or cooperation of other users.”
BackgroundCyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim’s perspective
Dredge, R., Gleeson, J., & de la Piedad Garcia, X. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.026 · Cited by 133
“Furthermore, Marcum (2008) and Kim and Lee (2011) relied on selfreport data from participants about their online and SNS activities.”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, J.-E. R., Moore, D. C., Park, E.-A., & Park, S. G. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.006 · Cited by 133
“Others also suggest that having too many Facebook friends could be detrimental to one’s subjective well-being (Kim & Lee, 2011).”
Self-citationRobertson, B. W., & Kee, K. F. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.080 · Cited by 147
“In fact, Kim and Lee (2011) state that individuals report greater levels of happiness from the number of Facebook friends they have.”
BackgroundSampasa-Kanyinga, H., & Hamilton, H. A. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.011 · Cited by 131
“SNSs have been identified as a means to handle loneliness and depression, to increase self-esteem and social support, and to increase general well-being [28,44,51,15].”
BackgroundYang, C., Holden, S. M., & Ariati, J. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-021-00359-z · Cited by 178
A meta-analysis of social network site use and social support
Liu, D., Wright, K. B., & Hu, B. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.024 · Cited by 127
Wang, P., Xie, X., Wang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, F., Chu, X., Nie, J., & Lei, L. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.035 · Cited by 155
A Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance
Cao, H., Jiang, J., Oh, L., Li, H., Xiuwu, L., & Chen, Z. (2013) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/09564231311323953 · Cited by 107
“connecting friends, self-expression, searching emotional support, and seeking pleasure) can lead to subjective happiness and make users more immersed in the use of SNSs (Kim and Lee, 2011).”
BackgroundMeng, J., Martinez, L. S., Holmstrom, A. J., Chung, M., & Cox, J. G. (2016) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0325 · Cited by 146
“Outcomes included psychological well-being, 32,33 health self-efficacy, 34 life satisfaction, 35 and physical illness and depression.”
Social Network Sites, Individual Social Capital and Happiness
Arampatzi, E., Burger, M., & Novik, N. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9808-z · Cited by 164
Self-reflection and interpersonal connection: Making the most of self-presentation on social media.
Vogel, E. A., & Rose, J. P. (2016) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000076 · Cited by 164
The Digital Self: How Social Media Serves as a Setting that Shapes Youth’s Emotional Experiences
Wood, M. A., Bukowski, W. M., & Lis, E. (2015) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-015-0014-8 · Cited by 156
Glancing up or down: Mood management and selective social comparisons on social networking sites
Johnson, B. K., & Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.009 · Cited by 134
“…studies examining needs possibly facilitated by social comparison, such as self-esteem or affect maintenance, are limited (Zywica & Danowski, 2008), although surveys show positive relationships between SNS use and self-esteem (Kim & Lee, 2011; Mehdizadeh, 2010; Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006).”
BackgroundStressful life events and adolescent well‐being: The role of parent and peer relationships
McMahon, G., Creaven, A., & Gallagher, S. M. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2923 · Cited by 139
Escobar-Viera, C. G., Whitfield, D. L., Wessel, C. B., Shensa, A. S., Sidani, J. E., Brown, A. L., Chandler, C. J., Hoffman, B. L., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10496 · Cited by 149
“Although no clear consensus exists regarding which specific measures should be counted as social media use, common ones include time (time elapsed while using social media over 24 hours), frequency (number of times people check their social media account per day) [11], number of friends and self-presentation [12], num…”
BackgroundIntegrating guanxi into technology acceptance: An empirical investigation of WeChat
Chen, L.-S., Goh, C.-F., Sun, Y.-F., & Rasli, A. (2017) · Telematics and informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.05.003 · Cited by 111
“Previous findings also suggested that people tend to portray a desirable self-image to impress their peers (Kim and Lee, 2011; Nadkarni and Hofmann, 2012; Peluchette and Karl, 2009).”
BackgroundFacebook use and its association with subjective happiness and loneliness
Phu, B., & Gow, A. J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.020 · Cited by 138
Self-Esteem, Social Comparison, and Facebook Use
Bergagna, E., & Tartaglia, S. (2018) · Europe's Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i4.1592 · Cited by 110
Disclosures about important life events on Facebook: Relationships with stress and quality of life
Bevan, J. L., Gomez, R., & Sparks, L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.021 · Cited by 133
Hypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction
Veissière, S. P. L., & Stendel, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00141 · Cited by 105
“When used to judicious social ends, smartphone and social media use can yield many positive outcomes, from increased subjective well-being (Kim and Lee, 2011) to better romantic relationships (Steers et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBrailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166999 · Cited by 121
Chai, H., Niu, G., Lian, S.-L., Chu, X., Liu, S., & Sun, X. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.005 · Cited by 128
Examining the Impact of Technology Overload at the Workplace: A Systematic Review
Rasool, T., Warraich, N. F., & Sajid, M. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221114320 · Cited by 152
“SNS addiction negatively impacts the psychological well-being of employees (Choi & Lim, 2016; Kim & Lee, 2011).”
BackgroundAhmed, S. (2021) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2020.101508 · Cited by 105
Brailovskaia, J., Teismann, T., & Margraf, J. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.045 · Cited by 104
See you, see me: teenagers’ self-disclosure and regret of posting on social network site.
Xie, W., & Kang, C. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.059 · Cited by 104
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, J., & Lee, J.-E. R.
- Affiliations
- School of Communication Studies, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
- Hope College (US)
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 359-364
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W2172114557
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 58.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hope College Digital Commons (Hope College) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- Facebook, subjective well-being, happiness, self-presentation, positive self-presentation, perceived social support, university students, social media use, self-disclosure, self-worth
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Personal Satisfaction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Perception, Social Support, Universities, Internet, Friends
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