Cited by 930Impact of Technology on AdolescentsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionMedia and Digital Communication

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The Facebook Paths to Happiness: Effects of the Number of Facebook Friends and Self-Presentation on Subjective Well-Being

Kim, Junghyun, Lee, Jong-Eun Roselyn·2011·Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

DOI 10.1089/cyber.2010.0374

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Abstract

The current study investigates whether and how Facebook increases college-age users' subjective well-being by focusing on the number of Facebook friends and self-presentation strategies (positive vs. honest). A structural equation modeling analysis of cross-sectional survey data of college student Facebook users (N=391) revealed that the number of Facebook friends had a positive association with subjective well-being, but this association was not mediated by perceived social support. Additionally, we found that there was a negative curvilinear (inverted U-shape curve) relationship between Facebook friends and perceived social support. As for self-presentation strategies, whereas positive self-presentation had a direct effect on subjective well-being, honest self-presentation had a significant indirect effect on subjective well-being through perceived social support. Our study suggests that the number of Facebook friends and positive self-presentation may enhance users' subjective well-being, but this portion of happiness may not be grounded in perceived social support. On the other hand, honest self-presentation may enhance happiness rooted in social support provided by Facebook friends. Implications of our findings are discussed in light of affirmation of self-worth, time and effort required for building and maintaining friendships, and the important role played by self-disclosure in signaling one's need for social support.

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Fang, L., Dai, W., & Xu, X. (2024) · ICAIE · doi:10.1145/3722237.3722344 · Cited by 4
Testing a Predictive Model to Identify the Risks of Online Sexual Victimization Among Korean Female Adolescents Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Choi, J., Zhu, Y., & Kim, K. (2024) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2024.2398588 · Cited by 3
Friendship quality and basic psychological need satisfaction in middle school students: the mediating role of self-presentation on social networking sites and social comparison
Guo, X., & Li, Z. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06245-5 · Cited by 6
“Depending on the expected goals, self-presentation on SNSs can be divided into authentic self-pre - sentation (presenting only the most authentic self without choosing content) and positive self-presentation (selectively presenting positive information about oneself) (Kim & Lee, 2011).”
Building a narcissism-based framework of picnics: An eastern culture perspective
Liu, J., Cao, J., Hsu, F., & Mai, H. (2024) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2024.100774 · Cited by 3
Machine Learning-based Classification of Persistent Depressive Disorder using Questionnaire Responses
D, S., Pichasavari, S. C., & Hashika, V. (2024) · International Congress on Information and Communication Technology · doi:10.1109/icict60155.2024.10544838 · Cited by 3
Social media use and vision impairment in adults between the ages of 18 and 35 years in India
Subramanian, A., Kodavati, K., Kanchustambam, J., & Gothwal, V. K. (2024) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000002098 · Cited by 2
Passive social network usage and life satisfaction among Vietnamese university students: a moderated mediation model of self-esteem and gender
Nguyen, N., An, D., Ngo, T., Tran, H., & Trần, D. (2024) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-11-2023-0117 · Cited by 3
Association between flaunting behaviors on social media and among the general population in Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study
Nazmunnahar, Nasim, R., Mosharrafa, R. A., Hossain, I., Saima, J., Taher, T., Hossain, M. J., Rahman, M. A., & Islam, M. R. (2023) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1701 · Cited by 3
The Relationship between Social Network Service Use Motives and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Effect of Online and Offline Social Capital
Hong, I.-P., & Bae, S. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0008 · Cited by 6
Mobilizing social support: New and transferable digital skills in the era of COVID-19
Harper, M.-G., Quan-Haase, A., & Hollingshead, W. (2022) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v27i4.12559 · Cited by 3
“…Perrin and Atske, 2021), mobilizing social support through disclosive behaviors, such as status updates, posts about their preferences, and selfies, provides positive returns with respect to decreasing loneliness and depressive symptoms (Kim and Lee, 2011; Valkenburg, et al., 2006; Zhang, 2017).”
Online Networks and Subjective Well‐Being: The Effect of “Big Five Personality Traits”
Requena, F., & Ayuso, L. (2021) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.v9i4.4507 · Cited by 3
“For example, among college students, the number of friends on Facebook—in other words, the size of their online networks—has a positive effect on hap‐ piness (Kim & Lee, 2011).”
Background
Analysis on Quantified Self-Behavior of Customers in Food Consumption under the Perspective of Social Networks
Lei, L., Zhu, Y.-L., & Liu, Q. (2021) · Complex · doi:10.1155/2021/6001654 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Fashion-Related SNS Usage Motivation on Consumers’ Social Comparison and Purchase Behavior : Focused on Chinese Consumers
Sun, R., & Park, M. (2021) · Fashion & Textile Research Journal · doi:10.5805/sfti.2021.23.2.186 · Cited by 3
“특히 SNS에서 활발하게 활동하는 이용자일수록 사회적 관계망에서의 다른 이용자를 상향비교의 대상으로 여기 게 되는 가능성이 높다(Kim & Lee, 2011; Vitak & Ellison, 2013).”
Entitlement to Tell on Police Facebook Sites
Walkington, Z., Pike, G., Strathie, A., Havard, C., Harrison, V., & Ness, H. (2019) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0502 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Self-Presentation to Engage in Physical Activity
Duygu, G., Alison, E., & Deborah, F. (2019) · International Journal of Exercise Science · doi:10.70252/pycr4385 · Cited by 3
“Social media sites such as Facebook (FB) provide an opportunity for individuals to post information about their lives, and others can “like” or comment on their status (16, 18, 20).”
Background
The effect of preference similarity on the formation of clusters and the connectivity of social networks
Madjid Tavana, D., Santos‐Arteaga, F. J., & Caprio, D. D. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.049 · Cited by 3
Unfiltered: The Effect of Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction
Reategui, A. S. L., & Palmer, R. (2017) · International Journal of Social Science and Humanity · doi:10.18178/ijssh.2017.v7.850 · Cited by 4
“The aforementioned behavior is extremely harmful to these individuals’ well-being and self-appreciation [22], [23].”
Athlete–coach Interaction, Empathy Experience, and Relationship Satisfaction Perceived by Student Athletes on Social Networking Services and Structure of the Offline Athlete–coach Relationship
Kang, S.-N., & Jeon, J. (2017) · 한국체육학회지 · doi:10.23949/kjpe.2017.03.56.2.6 · Cited by 3
Personality differences of college students with public and private Facebook profile: A big five model viewpoint
Datu, N. D., Datu, J. A., & Rungduin, D. C. (2013) · International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology · doi:10.5861/ijrsp.2013.250 · Cited by 3
“Recent studies also proved that Facebook usage is an effective setting for interpersonal relationship and different valuable results (Feinstein, Bhatia, Hershenberg, & Davila, 2012; Kim & Lee, 2011).”
Background
The Relation between Social Networking Sites and Depression by Gender: Mediating effects of Collective Identity, Perceived Social Support, and Negative Comparison
LeeSeungwook, Choi, Y., & Lee, H. (2019) · doi:10.15207/jkcs.2019.10.8.205 · Cited by 3
“하지만 이에 반해 SNS를 이용한 의사소통이 오히려 사용자 집단 간의 친밀함을 높이고 관계성을 강화시켜 그로 인해 우울감과 같은 부정적 심리 상태를 감소시킨 다는 선행연구 또한 보고되어지고 있다[9,25,26].”
Social Networks and Online Advertising: Should Companies Promote Their Brand Fan Page or Their Brand Website?
Pelet, J., Ettis, S., Hammami, S., & Schwob, A. (2016) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19428-8_137 · Cited by 3
Digital Emotions and Sustainable Fashion: Cultivating Brand Loyalty Among Indian Millennials and Gen Z
Muruganantham, G., & Aswanth, R. S. (2026) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2026.2670397 · Cited by 2
Pengalaman Insecurity Mahasiswa Pengguna Non-iPhone dalam Interaksi Sosial di Lingkungan Kampus
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Digital Selves and Curated Choices: How Social Media Self-Presentation Enhances Consumers’ Experiential Consumption Preferences
Zou, Y., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer20030238 · Cited by 4
“On the one hand, through social media self-presentation, individuals can reduce social distance, enhance social skills, and alleviate feelings of loneliness [7,21], thereby improving subjective well-being [6,9].”
Influential
The impact of message appeal on consumer behavioural engagement in the cybersecurity industry: the role of endorser type
Venciūtė, D., Barasnevicius, L., Correia, R., & Skudiene, V. (2025) · Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1108/ics-08-2024-0198 · Cited by 2
An In-Depth Analysis of Factors Influencing Female Youth Travelers to Share Travel Experiences on Social Media
Dewi, L. G. L. K., Juniawan, I. M., & Dewi, N. G. A. S. (2024) · European Modern Studies Journal · doi:10.59573/emsj.8(6).2024.3 · Cited by 2
SOCIAL VISIBILITY OF CONSUMPTION AS A PHENOMENON DRIVING THE SELF-EXPRESSION AND TRAVEL INTENTION OF MUSLIM TOURISTS
Bilgin, Y. (2024) · Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites · doi:10.30892/gtg.52109-1186 · Cited by 2
“Social media is an important communication channel that increases the social visibility of consumption and assists its users in showing themselves to the world with visual content and obtaining social support (Kim and Lee, 2011).”
Background
Adaptación y validación al contexto argentino de la escala de Fear of Missing Out
Martin, R., & Simkin, H. (2023) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.10853 · Cited by 2
“Si bien las redes sociales digitales pueden pro-mover apoyo social y bienestar subjetivo (Gilmour et al., 2020; Kim & Lee, 2011), también son capa-ces de presentar un impacto negativo para la salud mental si se atiende a las consecuencias de su mal uso (Błachnio & Przepiorka, 2019; Grieve et al.,…”
Background
Facebook, social comparison and happiness: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment
Arad, A., Barlizaly, O., & Perchick, M. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2023-4-4 · Cited by 30
“The Internet, and online social networks in particular, now largely mediate communication and social interactions (Kim and Lee, 2011; Preece and Shneiderman, 2009; Walther, 2011).”
Background
Sosyal karşılaştırma eğilimin sosyal ağlardaki gösteriş tüketimi etkisinde kendini tanıtma arzusunun aracı rolü: Z kuşağı üzerinde bir araştırma
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Kumar, P., & Aggarwal, B. (2022) · Journal of International Business and Economics · doi:10.51240/jibe.2022.1.2 · Cited by 2
Tweeting about alcohol: Exploring differences in Twitter sentiment during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
Stone, J. A., & Ryerson, N. C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276863 · Cited by 3
“Prior research has suggested that self disclosure can positively impact psychological well-being [56], including more honest self-disclosure [57].”
Background
Maquiavelismo y deseo de querer ser youtuber y/o influencer en las generaciones Z y Alfa
García, A. R., Gutiérrez-Arenas, M.-D.-P., & Moreno, M. G. (2022) · El Profesional de la Informacion · doi:10.3145/epi.2022.mar.14 · Cited by 6
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Fang, Z., Ji, X.-X., Qi, X., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-020-01496-y · Cited by 2
ADOLESCENTI IN FACEBOOK TRA NARCISISMO E EMPATIA
Milani, M. (2020) · Media Education · doi:10.36253/me-8695 · Cited by 2
For Better or Worse: Facebook Use and Wellbeing Among Community Mental Health Care Clients.
Kjelsaas, K., Mecklenburgh, N., von Hippel, C., & Brener, L. (2019) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001025 · Cited by 2
“Although little research has examined actual Facebook behavior, findings from studies relying on self-report Facebook use suggest that Facebook behaviors that are prosocial or provide evidence of offline social connection are generally associated with beneficial psychological outcomes among nonclinical samples (Grieve…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential

Authors: Kim, J., & Lee, J.-E. R.
Affiliations: School of Communication Studies, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
Hope College (US)
ORCID: Lee, Jong-Eun Roselyn
Venue: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2011-06
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Pages: 359-364
ISSN: 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
2152-2723
DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0374
OpenAlex: W2172114557
Cited by: 930
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 58.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations: Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Hope College Digital Commons (Hope College) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
Keywords: Facebook, subjective well-being, happiness, self-presentation, positive self-presentation, perceived social support, university students, social media use, self-disclosure, self-worth
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Personal Satisfaction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Perception, Social Support, Universities, Internet, Friends

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The Facebook Paths to Happiness: Effects of the Number of Facebook Friends and Self-Presentation on Subjective Well-Being

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