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Cited by 105Pituitary Gland Disorders and TreatmentsGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

Abnormalities of pituitary function after traumatic brain injury in children

Niederland, Tamás, Makovi, Helga, Gál, Veronika, Andréka, Bertalan, Ábrahám, Csongor S., Kovács, József·2007·Journal of Neurotrauma
DOI 10.1089/neu.2005.369er
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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause of neuroendocrine dysfunction typically in male adults. Head injuries are also common in childhood, but only a few case reports outlined the endocrine consequences. The aim of this study was to reveal anterior pituitary function in children with history of hospitalization due to mild to severe head trauma. Our endocrine follow-up study was performed between October 2003 and February 2004 in the Pediatric Department of Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Gyor, Hungary. Twenty-six children (17 boys and nine girls, aged 11.47 +/- 0.75 years) at 30.6 +/- 8.3 months after head injury and 21 age-matched controls were enrolled. Basal and stimulated anterior pituitary and peripheral hormone concentrations were measured by routine laboratory methods. Pituitary dysfunction was detected in 61% of patients with TBI history. All growth hormone (GH) parameters measured and calculated were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in TBI group than in controls after L-DOPA stimulation. Similar difference was detected 60 min after insulin provocation. Forty-two percent of all TBI children showed insufficient growth hormone (GH) response in both stimulation tests, 73% of these cases were boys. Cortisol levels of TBI patients were significantly (p < 0.05) lower all through the insulin test than values measured in control group. The degree of pituitary dysfunction was independent from the severity of TBI. Our study confirms the high risk for hypopituitarism in children with TBI despite the lack of obvious clinical symptoms. We suggest screening of pituitary function after any kind of brain trauma requiring hospitalization in childhood.

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Crossref · 10.1089/neu.2005.369er

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Cross-sectional studies documented 16%-61% prevalence of hypopituitarism at 1-5 years after injury in children.

    “Cross-sectional studies documented 16%–61% prevalence of hypopituitarism at 1–5 years after injury [23,34,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].”

    From Update of Endocrine Dysfunction following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (2015) · cites this paper as [37]

  • In children, TBI severity has not shown any correlation with hormone deficiency rates.

    “In children, TBI severity has not shown any correlation with hormone deficiency rates [30-32].”

    From Neuroendocrine Disruptions Following Head Injury (2023) · cites this paper as [31]

  • In a mixed retrospective and prospective study of 48 children with TBI, Einaudi et al. reported HPA dysfunction in 10% of cases at 12 months.

    “In a mixed retrospective and prospective study of 48 children with TBI, Einaudi et al. reported HPA dysfunction in 10% of cases at 12 months, while Niederland et al., in a cross-sectional analysis of 26 children assessed at 30 ± 8 months, observed pituitary abnormalities in 61% [18,19].”

    From Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Niederland et al., in a cross-sectional analysis of 26 children assessed at 30 ± 8 months, observed pituitary abnormalities in 61%.

    “Niederland et al., in a cross-sectional analysis of 26 children assessed at 30 ± 8 months, observed pituitary abnormalities in 61% [18,19].”

    From Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Two retrospective studies in children each reported one child with elevated PRL one to two years after injury; both had PRL elevation associated with other pituitary deficiencies including transient hypogonadism.

    “Two retrospective studies in children each reported one child with elevated PRL one to two years after injury [37,38]. Both children had PRL elevation associated with other pituitary deficiencies including transient hypogonadism.”

    From Update of Endocrine Dysfunction following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (2015) · cites this paper as [37]

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. CEBALLOS R., 1966, J. Med. Sci., 3, 185
  2. CYRAN E., 1918, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 44, 1261
  3. YUAN X.Q., 1991, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 12, 209

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Authors
Niederland, T., Makovi, H., Gál, V., Andréka, B., Ábrahám, C. S., & Kovács, J.
Affiliations
  • Petz Aladár Megyei Oktató Kórház (HU)
  • University of Debrecen (HU)
  • University of Szeged (HU)
ORCID
Kovács, József
Venue
Journal of Neurotrauma
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2007-01
Volume
24
Issue
1
Pages
119-127
ISSN
  • 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-9042
DOI
10.1089/neu.2005.369er
OpenAlex
W2035483698
Semantic Scholar
4bc69e8341b4f723ee6a415fe36098bc36041388
Cited by
105
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
FWCI
5.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, pediatric head injury, anterior pituitary dysfunction, hypopituitarism, growth hormone deficiency, neuroendocrine dysfunction, L-dopa stimulation test, cortisol
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Body Height, Brain Injuries, Child, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone

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