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Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women
Open accessAbstract
Background The results of previous studies indicated that energy density, independent of fat content, influences energy intake. In most studies, however, both fat content and energy density were lower than in typical American diets.Objective We examined the influence of energy density on intake when fat content was above, below, or similar to the amount of fat typically consumed and when energy density was closer to that of American diets.Design Lean (n = 19) and obese (n = 17) women consumed all meals daily in our laboratory during 6 experimental sessions. The main entrées, consumed ad libitum, were formulated to vary in fat content (25%, 35%, and 45% of energy) and energy density (5.23 kJ/g, or low energy density, and 7.32 kJ/g, or high energy density) but to have similar palatability.Results Energy density influenced energy intake across all fat contents in both lean and obese women (P < 0.0001). Women consumed less energy in the low (7531 kJ) than in the high (9414 kJ) energy density condition. Despite this 20% lower energy intake, there were only small differences in hunger (7%) and fullness (5%). Women consumed a similar volume, but not weight, of food daily across conditions. Differences in intake by weight, but not volume, occurred because for some versions of manipulated foods, weight and volume were not directly proportional.Conclusions Energy density affected energy intake across different fat contents and at levels of energy density comparable with those in typical diets. Furthermore, our findings suggest that cues related to the amount of food consumed have a greater influence on short-term intake than does the amount of energy consumed.
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“Changes in energy density influence food intake acutely (145), but this effect does not persist (17).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [145]
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Self-citationMeat Consumption as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes
Barnard, N. D., Levin, S., & Trapp, C. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6020897 · Cited by 106
“The reduction in energy density is not fully compensated for by increased food intake [21–23].”
BackgroundReducing the Energy Density of an Entrée Decreases Children’s Energy Intake at Lunch
Leahy, K. E., Birch, L. L., & Rolls, B. J. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.015 · Cited by 90
Self-citationKhan, J., Khan, M. Z., Ma, Y., Meng, Y., Mushtaq, A., Shen, Q., & Xue, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19053042 · Cited by 96
Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Increased Intake in Free-Living Humans
de Castro, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.335 · Cited by 88
Kral, T. V. E., Roe, L. S., & Rolls, B. J. (2002) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2002.0498 · Cited by 88
Self-citationWhen, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake
de Castro, J. M. (2009) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509371640 · Cited by 86
“It has been clearly demonstrated that the higher the dietary energy density of intake, the higher the overall energy intake (24,47–55) .”
Plenary Lecture 1 Dietary strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity
Rolls, B. J. (2009) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665109991674 · Cited by 86
Self-citationA general model of intake regulation
de Castro, J. M., & Plunkett, S. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00018-0 · Cited by 88
“These can be thought of as uncompensated factors and include such influences as social facilitation [72–77], dietary restraint [78–81], daily [82,83], weekly [84,85], lunar [86], and seasonal rhythms [87], cost and availability of food [88], palatability [89–95] and energy density of the food [96–98].”
BackgroundImpact of Perceived Healthiness of Food on Food Choices and Intake
Provencher, V., & Jacob, R. (2016) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-016-0192-0 · Cited by 93
Non-Hispanic white and Hispanic elementary school children’s self-regulation of energy intake
Johnson, S. L., & Taylor‐Holloway, L. A. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1276 · Cited by 84
Childhood obesity – a sign of commercial success, but a market failure
Moodie, R., Swinburn, B. A., Richardson, J. R. J., & Somaini, B. (2006) · International Journal of Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1080/17477160600845044 · Cited by 83
Narmaki, E., Borazjani, M., Ataie‐Jafari, A., Hariri, N., Doost, A. H., Qorbani, M., & Saidpour, A. (2020) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2020.1826763 · Cited by 85
Slower Eating Speed Lowers Energy Intake in Normal-Weight but not Overweight/Obese Subjects
Shah, M., Copeland, J., Dart, L., ADAMS-HUET, B. A., James, A., & Rhea, D. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.002 · Cited by 83
Termannsen, A., Clemmensen, K. K. B., Thomsen, J. M., Nørgaard, O., Díaz, L. J., Torekov, S. S., Quist, J. S., & Færch, K. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13462 · Cited by 78
“First, people who exclude meat products, eggs, and dairy in their diet will have a lower energy intake due to the diet's lower content of fat and higher content of dietary fiber.(6,16) Also, two studies have found an increase in the thermic effect of foods with this type of diet,(17,18) which may result in a negative…”
BackgroundResultBrownbill, R. A., Петросян, М. С., & Ilich, J. Z. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2005.10719463 · Cited by 78
The Role of Whole Grains in Body Weight Regulation
Karl, J. P., & Saltzman, E. J. (2012) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.112.002782 · Cited by 76
Sensory-specific satiety in obese and normal-weight women
Snoek, H. M., Huntjens, L., van Gemert, L. J., de Graaf, C., & Weenen, H. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.4.823 · Cited by 76
Yeomans, M. R., WEINBERG, L., & JAMES, S. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.019 · Cited by 76
Robinson, E., Khuttan, M., McFarland‐Lesser, I., Patel, Z., & Jones, A. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01287-z · Cited by 75
Effects of food unit size and energy density on intake in humans
Devitt, A. A., & Mattes, R. D. (2004) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2003.10.003 · Cited by 74
Incorporation of air into a snack food reduces energy intake
Osterholt, K. M., Roe, L. S., & Rolls, B. J. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.10.007 · Cited by 74
“In a study of the effect of energy density on ad libitum intake it was observed that volume and weight were disproportional for two versions of an entrée, and that subjects ate a consistent volume but not weight of food (Bell & Rolls, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBlatt, A. D., Roe, L. S., & Rolls, B. J. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.009332 · Cited by 74
Self-citationSalt Promotes Passive Overconsumption of Dietary Fat in Humans
Bolhuis, D. P., Costanzo, A., Newman, L. P., & Keast, R. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.226365 · Cited by 77
Masheb, R. M., Grilo, C. M., & Rolls, B. J. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.006 · Cited by 73
“…of lowering energy density for reducing energy intake in short-term laboratory studies (Bell, Castellanos, Pelkman, Thorwart, & Rolls, 1998; Bell & Rolls, 2001; Duncan et al., 1983; Rolls, Bell, Castellanos et al., 1999; Rolls, Bell, & Thorwart, 1999; Rolls, Hetherington, Stoner, &…”
Self-citationDietary variety impairs habituation in children.
Temple, J. L., Giacomelli, A. M., Roemmich, J. N., & Epstein, L. H. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.s10 · Cited by 69
“Because individuals, on average, consume a consistent weight of food and subsequently report equivalent levels of fullness, despite differences in ED, it may be possible to decrease total energy intake by increasing consumption of LED foods (Bell et al., 1998; Bell & Rolls, 2001).).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bell, E. A., & Rolls, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rolls, Barbara J
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1010-1018
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1856100992
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-39177)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR010732, RR-10732)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- energy density, energy intake, dietary lipid level, obesity, lean women, hunger, satiety, food volume, ad libitum meal, palatability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Energy Intake, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Pain Measurement, Satiation
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