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Cited by 86Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and DietObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake

Open access
de Castro, John M.·2009·British Journal of Nutrition
DOI 10.1017/s0007114509371640
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Abstract

Intake in the morning is associated with a reduction in the total intake for the day, while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. These associations are macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate intake, morning fat intake associated with reduced daily fat intake and morning protein intake associated with reduced daily protein intake. Since different types of foods contain differing proportions of macronutrients, the present study investigated the associations of different types of foods ingested at various times of day with total daily and macronutrient intakes. The intakes of 388 male and 621 female free-living individuals reported in 7 d diet diaries were reanalysed. The intakes of twenty-four different types of foods and seven different drinks occurring during the morning (04.00–10.29 hours), afternoon (10.30–16.59 hours) and evening (17.00–02.00 hours) were identified and related to overall daily intakes. Dairy foods, ice cream, beef, other meats, potatoes, pastry, nuts, chips and snacks, condiments, alcohol and soda were significantly associated with higher total intake over the day, while fruit, soup, breakfast cereal, pasta, pizza, water, coffee/tea and diet soda were either not associated or were associated with lower overall intake. Dietary energy density appeared to mediate the associations between particular foods and beverages and overall energy intake. This suggests that eating low-density foods in the morning and avoiding high-density foods at night might aid in reducing overall intake and may be useful in dietary interventions for overweight and obesity.

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  • At age 43 years, cohort members with a more irregular intake during breakfast had an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome 10 years later (OR 1•53 (95 % CI 1•15, 2•04)).

    “At age 43 years, cohort members with a more irregular intake during breakfast had an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome 10 years later (OR 1•53 (95 % CI 1•15, 2•04)).”

    From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [37]

  • Individuals with a more irregular intake, especially at breakfast, lunch and between meals, had an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome.

    “Thus, by using this score for meal irregularity based on detailed dietary information, we found that individuals with a more irregular intake, especially at breakfast, lunch and between meals, had an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome.”

    From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [37]

  • Irregularity scores changed significantly over the years from when the cohort members were aged 36 years (1982) to when the cohort members were 53 years (1999; P linear mixed models <0•05), and the largest changes in meal irregularity were observed for between meals, which declined over time.

    “Results showed that irregularity scores changed significantly over the years from when the cohort members were aged 36 years (1982) to when the cohort members were 53 years (1999; P linear mixed models <0•05), and the largest changes in meal irregularity were observed for between meals, which declined over time.”

    From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [37]

  • At age 36 years, cohort members with a more irregular intake of energy during lunch (OR 1•42 (95 % CI 1•05, 1•91)) and between meals (OR 1•35 (95 % CI 1•01, 1•82)) had an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome 17 years later.

    “At age 36 years, cohort members with a more irregular intake of energy during lunch (OR 1•42 (95 % CI 1•05, 1•91)) and between meals (OR 1•35 (95 % CI 1•01, 1•82)) had an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome 17 years later.”

    From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [37]

  • The use of 5-d estimated diet diaries is a major strength because they are accepted as the gold standard to estimate dietary intake, particularly energy intake.

    “A major strength of this investigation was the use of detailed dietary information based on 5-d estimated diet diaries, which are currently accepted as the 'gold standard' to estimate dietary intake and in particular energy intake (34) .”

    From Irregularity of energy intake at meals: prospective associations with the metabolic syndrome in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort (2016) · cites this paper as [34]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. American Heart Association (AHA). Eating breakfast may reduce risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease. Press Release on a presentation by Mark A. Pereira at the 43rd Annual Con- ference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Preven- tion. March 6, 2003. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ 2003-03/aha-ebm022803.php (accessed 20 June 2005).

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Authors
de Castro, J. M.
Venue
British Journal of Nutrition
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2009-08-04
Volume
102
Issue
8
Pages
1228-1237
ISSN
  • 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
  • 1475-2662
DOI
10.1017/s0007114509371640
OpenAlex
W2111511152
Cited by
86
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
FWCI
4.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations
  • British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • General Mills
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01dk039881-03)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK39881, R01DK39881)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords
meal timing, daily food intake, macronutrient intake, food type, energy density, dairy products, ice cream, meat consumption, snacks, beverages, alcohol, soft drinks, fruits, breakfast cereals, overweight, obesity, dietary intervention
MeSH terms
Adult, Energy Intake, Circadian Rhythm, Drinking, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Diet Records

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