Body iron stores and their determinants in healthy postmenopausal US women
Open accessAbstract
Background Data on the determinants of body iron stores in middle-aged women are sparse.Objective We prospectively evaluated nondietary and dietary determinants of iron stores.Design Using blood samples collected in 1989-1990, we measured plasma ferritin concentrations in 620 healthy postmenopausal women aged 44-69 y who participated in the Nurses' Health Study. Food-frequency questionnaires completed in 1980, 1984, and 1986 were used to calculate average dietary intakes. Generalized linear regression and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between plasma ferritin and its determinants.Results Among these postmenopausal women, the median plasma ferritin concentration was 73.8 ng/mL (interquartile range: 41.6-125.8 ng/mL), 2.7% were iron depleted (ferritin concentration < 12 ng/mL), and 9.8% had an elevated ferritin concentration (> 200 ng/mL). Age, time since menopause, time since the last postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use, body mass index, iron supplement use, and alcohol and heme-iron intakes were positively associated with ferritin concentrations, whereas PMH use, physical activity, aspirin use, and gastrointestinal ulcer were inversely related. The association between heme-iron intake and ferritin was most apparent among the women who consumed > 30 g alcohol/d.Conclusions Our prospective data confirm that in postmenopausal women, intakes of heme iron, supplemental iron, and alcohol are dietary determinants of plasma ferritin, and age, PMH use, body mass index, physical activity, aspirin use, and gastrointestinal ulcer are nondietary determinants.
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Iron stores tend to increase with age, partly due to dietary reasons.
“Iron stores tend to increase with age [1151-1155], partly due to dietary reasons [1156]”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [1154]
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- Authors
- Liu, J.-M., Hankinson, S. E., Stampfer, M. J., Rifai, N., Willett, W. C., & Ma, J.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ma, Jing
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1160-1167
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2143779816
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA-49449, R01CA042182, CA 42182, CA-87969, CA78293, P01CA087969, R01CA058684, CA90598, R01CA090598, CA-58684, R29CA078293)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- iron stores, plasma ferritin, postmenopausal women, alcohol consumption, iron supplementation, body mass index, physical activity, aspirin use, gastrointestinal ulceration, hormone replacement therapy, iron depletion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Diet, Female, Ferritins, Health Surveys, Heme, Humans, Iron, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Cohort Studies, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Postmenopause, Iron Overload, Iron, Dietary
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