Is cognitive dysfunction involved in difficult-to-treat depression? Characterizing resistance from a cognitive perspective
Open accessAbstract
Background.: This study aimed to identify clinical and cognitive factors associated with increased risk for difficult-to-treat depression (DTD) or treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods.: A total of 229 adult outpatients with major depression were recruited from the mental health unit at a public hospital. Participants were subdivided into resistant and nonresistant groups according to their Maudsley Staging Model score. Sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive (objective and subjective measures) variables were compared between groups, and a logistic regression model was used to identify the factors most associated with TRD risk. Results.: TRD group patients present higher verbal memory impairment than the nonresistant group irrespective of pharmacological treatment or depressive symptom severity. Logistic regression analysis showed that low verbal memory scores (odds ratio [OR]: 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38–2.95) together with high depressive symptom severity (OR: 1.29; CI95%: 1.01–1.65) were associated with TRD risk. Conclusions.: Our findings align with neuroprogression models of depression, in which more severe patients, defined by greater verbal memory impairment and depressive symptoms, develop a more resistant profile as a result of increasingly detrimental neuronal changes. Moreover, our results support a more comprehensive approach in the evaluation and treatment of DTD in order to improve illness course. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm the predictive value of verbal memory and depression severity in the development of TRD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Executive function is especially impacted in TRD.
“which has important treatment implications given that it is especially impacted in TRD (López-Solà et al., 2020;Rao et al., 2019)”
From Neurocognitive effects of theta burst stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in adults: A systematic review and recommendations for future research (2025) · cites this paper as López-Solà et al., 2020
The Results report poorer executive-function performance in the TRD group than in the nonresistant group. However, they do not identify executive function as especially affected relative to other domains: verbal memory was the domain that remained significantly different after controlling for treatment and symptom severity and was associated with TRD risk (Results; Discussion, Cognitive variables). (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · see citing works
A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2400 · Cited by 6,117 · see citing works
A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary
Levin, H. S. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540050007005 · Cited by 4,793 · see citing works
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Ogden, J. A. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171358.003.0002 · Cited by 4,382 · see citing works
Snyder, H. R. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028727 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
The role of the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of major depression
Campbell, S., & MacQUEEN, G. M. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0441 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 780 · see citing works
MacQueen, G., & Frodl, T. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.80 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
The Episodic Memory System: Neurocircuitry and Disorders
Dickerson, B. C., & Eichenbaum, H. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.126 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Scott, J. C., Matt, G. E., Wrocklage, K. M., Crnich, C., Jordan, J., Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., & Schweinsburg, B. C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038039 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Neurocognitive deficits and disability in major depressive disorder
Jaeger, J., Berns, S., Uzelac, S., & Davis-Conway, S. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.11.011 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
(2007) · PubMed · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Treatment resistant depression: methodological overview and operational criteria
Souery, D., Amsterdam, J. D., de Montigny, C., Lecrubier, Y., Montgomery, S., Lipp, O., Racagni, G., Zohar, J., & Mendlewicz, J. (1999) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(98)00004-2 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Berlim, M. T., & Turecki, G. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200108 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment-resistant chronic unipolar depression
Shah, P. J., Ebmeier, K. P., Glabus, M. F., & Goodwin, G. M. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.6.527 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
McClintock, S. M., Husain, M. M., Greer, T. L., & Cullum, C. M. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0017336 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Fournier, J. C., DeRubeis, R. J., Shelton, R. C., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J. D., & Gallop, R. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015401 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Fluency Tests
Peña‐Casanova, J., Quiñones-Úbeda, S., Gramunt, N., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Cerulla, N., Molinuevo, J. L., Ruiz, E., Robles, A., et al. (2009) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acp042 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
A Multidimensional Tool to Quantify Treatment Resistance in Depression
Fekadu, A., Wooderson, S. C., Donaldson, C., Markopoulou, K., Masterson, B., Poon, L., & Cleare, A. J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04309 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression?
Bortolato, B., Miskowiak, K. W., Köhler, C. A., Maes, M., Fernandes, B. S., Berk, M., & Carvalho, A. F. (2016) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0560-3 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Cognitive Impairment in the Euthymic Phase of Chronic Unipolar Depression
Paradiso, S., Lamberty, G. J., Garvey, M. J., & Robinson, R. G. (1997) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199712000-00005 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Executive dysfunction predicts nonresponse to fluoxetine in major depression
Dunkin, J. J., Leuchter, A. F., Cook, I. A., Kasl-Godley, J. E., Abrams, M., & Rosenberg-Thompson, S. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00157-3 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Staging methods for treatment resistant depression. A systematic review
Ruhé, H. G., van Rooijen, G., Spijker, J., Peeters, F. P. M. L., & Schene, A. H. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.020 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Evans, V. C., Iverson, G. L., Yatham, L. N., & Lam, R. W. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13r08939 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The storage and recall of memories in the hippocampo-cortical system
Rolls, E. T. (2017) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-017-2744-3 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Impairment across executive functions in recurrent major depression
Stordal, K. I., Lundervold, A. J., Egeland, J., Mykletun, A., Asbjørnsen, A., Landrø, N. I., Roness, A., Rund, B. R., Sundet, K., Oedegaard, K. J., et al. (2004) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480310000789 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
(1990) · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Schosser, A., Serretti, A., Souery, D., Mendlewicz, J., Zohar, J., Montgomery, S., & Kasper, S. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.02.006 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Prefrontal Neuropsychological Predictors of Treatment Remission in Late-Life Depression
Potter, G. G., Kittinger, J. D., Ryan Wagner, H., Steffens, D. C., & Ranga Rama Krishnan, K. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300551 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Discrepancy between objective and subjective cognition in major depressive disorder
Serra-Blasco, M., Torres, I. J., Vicent-Gil, M., Goldberg, X., Navarra‐Ventura, G., Aguilar, E., Via, E., Portella, M. J., Figuereo, I., Palao, D. J., et al. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1104 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationVerbal memory and treatment response in post-traumatic stress disorder
Wild, J., & Gur, R. C. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045922 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Discrepancy between objective and subjective cognition in adults with major depressive disorder
Srisurapanont, M., Suttajit, S., Eurviriyanukul, K., & Varnado, P. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04353-w · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Functioning in Depressed Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Goodall, J., Fisher, C. A., Hetrick, S. E., Phillips, L., Parrish, E. M., & Allott, K. (2018) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9373-9 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Difficult-to-treat depression: A clinical and research roadmap for when remission is elusive
Rush, A. J., Aaronson, S. T., & Demyttenaere, K. (2019) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867418808585 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Correlates of Response to Treatment in Late-Life Depression
Story, T. J., Potter, G. G., Attix, D. K., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Steffens, D. C. (2008) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31817e739a · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Casals-Coll, M., Sánchez‐Benavides, G., Quintana, M., Manero, R. M., Rognoni, T., Calvo, L., Palomo, R., Aranciva, F., Tamayo, F., & Peña‐Casanova, J. (2012) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2012.02.010 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Cognitive Effects of Pharmacotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review
Keefe, R. S. E., McClintock, S. M., Roth, R. M., Doraiswamy, P. M., Tiger, S., & Madhoo, M. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13r08609 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lam, R., Lamy, F.-X., Danchenko, N., Yarlas, A., White, M. K., Rive, B., & Saragoussi, D. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s175188 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effects of Erythropoietin on Hippocampal Volume and Memory in Mood Disorders
Miskowiak, K. W., Vinberg, M., Macoveanu, J., Ehrenreich, H., Køster, N., Inkster, B., Paulson, O. B., Kessing, L. V., Skimminge, A., & Siebner, H. R. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.013 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Miskowiak, K. W., Petersen, J. Z., Ott, C. V., Knorr, U., Kessing, L. V., Gallagher, P., & Robinson, L. J. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12649 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Petersen, J. Z., Porter, R. J., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.105 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Allott, K., Fisher, C. A., Amminger, G. P., Goodall, J., & Hetrick, S. E. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.527 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A New Prediction Model for Evaluating Treatment-Resistant Depression
Kautzky, A., Baldinger-Melich, P., Kranz, G. S., Vanicek, T., Souery, D., Montgomery, S., Mendlewicz, J., Zohar, J., Serretti, A., Lanzenberger, R., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.15m10381 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Neurocognitive predictors of antidepressant clinical response
Bruder, G. E., Alvarenga, J. E., Alschuler, D., Abraham, K., Keilp, J. G., Hellerstein, D. J., Stewart, J. W., & McGrath, P. J. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.057 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
de Bartolomeis, A., Balletta, R., Giordano, S., Buonaguro, E. F., Latte, G., & Iasevoli, F. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.042 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Neuropsychological characteristics as predictors of SSRI treatment response in depressed subjects
Gorlyn, M., Keilp, J. G., Grunebaum, M. F., Taylor, B. P., Oquendo, M. A., Bruder, G. E., Stewart, J. W., Zalsman, G., & Mann, J. J. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0084-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Perceived Deficits Questionnaire
Strober, L. B., Binder, A. S., Nikelshpur, O. M., Chiaravalloti, N. D., & DeLuca, J. (2015) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2015-028 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Joober, R., Rouleau, G. A., Lal, S., Dixon, M. J., O’Driscoll, G. A., Palmour, R. M., Annable, L., Bloom, D., Lalonde, P., Labelle, A., et al. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00279-1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Caraci, F., Calabrese, F., Molteni, R., Bartova, L., Dold, M., Leggio, G. M., Fabbri, C., Mendlewicz, J., Racagni, G., Kasper, S. F., et al. (2018) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.117.014977 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Neurocognitive performance and repeated-dose intravenous ketamine in major depressive disorder
Zheng, W., Zhou, Y.-L., Liu, W.-J., Wang, C.-Y., Zhan, Y.-N., Li, H.-Q., Chen, L.-J., Li, M.-D., & Ning, Y.-P. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Biased neurocognitive self-perception in depressive and in healthy persons
Schwert, C., Stohrer, M., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., & Schröder, A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.031 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Relationships Among Neurocognition, Symptoms, and Functioning in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Gupta, M., Holshausen, K., Best, M. W., Jokic, R., Milev, R., Bernard, T., Gou, L., & Bowie, C. R. (2013) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/act002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gallagher, P., Robinson, L. J., Gray, J. M., Young, A. H., & Porter, R. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601057734 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Peters, A. T., Jacobs, R. H., Crane, N. A., Ryan, K. A., Weisenbach, S. L., Ajilore, O., Lamar, M., Kassel, M. T., Gabriel, L. B., West, A. E., et al. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12253 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lam, R. W. M., Saragoussi, D., Danchenko, N., Rive, B., Lamy, F.-X., & Brevig, T. (2013) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.046 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Is treatment-resistant depression a useful concept?
Malhi, G. S., & Byrow, Y. (2016) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2015-102299 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Switching to Bupropion in Fluoxetine-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder
D, M. F. M., Papakostas, G., Petersen, T., Mahal, Y., Quitkin, F., Stewart, J., & McGrath, P. (2003) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1023/a:1023224525400 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Seeberg, I., Kjærstad, H. L., & Miskowiak, K. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00337 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Raes, F., Sienaert, P. A., Demyttenaere, K., Joseph, P., Williams, J. M. G., & Hermans, D. (2008) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0b013e31814da995 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kavanaugh, B. C., Aaronson, S. T., Clarke, G. N., Holtzheimer, P. E., Johnson, C. W., McDonald, W. M., Schneider, M. B., & Carpenter, L. L. (2018) · The Journal of ECT · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000494 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hammar, Å., & Årdal, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00652 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chao, L. L. (2017) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00309 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Huang, C. L.-C. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.4021/jocmr2009.10.1266 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Roméo, B., Choucha, W., Fossati, P., & Rotgé, J. (2016) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2016.06.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dickson, A. L. (1986) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428298600400111 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [32]Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW, with Hannay HJ, Fischer JS. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.
- [48]Romeo B, Choucha W, Fossati P, Rotge J-Y. Clinical and biological predictors of ketamine response in treatment-resistant major depression: review. Encephale. 2017; 43: 354– 362. 27623117
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cardoner, N., Andero, R., Cano, M., Marin-Blasco, I., Porta-Casteràs, D., Serra-Blasco, M., Via, E., Vicent-Gil, M., & Portella, M. J. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230703091435 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationBarlati, S., Lisoni, J., Nibbio, G., Baldacci, G., Cicale, A., Ferrarin, L. C., Italia, M., Zucchetti, A., Deste, G., & Vita, A. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12102525 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
In pursuit of full recovery in major depressive disorder
Vicent-Gil, M., Serra-Blasco, M., Navarra‐Ventura, G., Trujols, J., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Portella, M. J., & Cardoner, N. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01487-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationRandomized clinical trial of integral cognitive remediation program for major depression (INCREM)
Vicent-Gil, M., González-Simarro, S., Raventós, B., Vera, J., Martínez, E. D. M., Sabaté-Cao, C., Pérez‐Blanco, J., Puigdemont, D., de Diego-Adeliño, J., Alemany, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationVancappel, A., Dansou, Y., Godin, O., Haffen, É., Yrondi, A., Stéphan, F., Richieri, R. M., Molière, F., Horn, M., Allauze, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100272 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cognitive outcomes from the randomised, active-controlled Ketamine for Adult Depression Study (KADS)
Martin, D. M., Harvey, A. J., Baune, B., Berk, M., Carter, G. L., Dong, V., Glozier, N., Glue, P., Hood, S. D., Hadži-Pavlović, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.052 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wu, G., & Baeken, C. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac286 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wong, S. M. Y., Leung, D. K. Y., Liu, T., Ng, Z. L. Y., Wong, G. H. Y., Chan, W. C., & Lum, T. Y. S. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06281-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Moyano, B. P., Orgeta, V., von Gunten, A., Vandel, P., Ma, R.-M., Stewart, R., & Mueller, C. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.169 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Vancappel, A., Dansou, Y., Godin, O., Haffen, É., Yrondi, A., Stéphan, F., Richieri, R. M., Molière, F., Holtzmann, J., Horn, M., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13071120 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhu, N., Tong, J., Pei, Y., Zhang, J., & Sun, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04857-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Göke, K., McClintock, S. M., Mah, L., Rajji, T., Lee, H. H., Nestor, S., Downar, J., Noda, Y., Daskalakis, Z., Mulsant, B., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sobreiro, M. D. F. M., Silveira, P. S. P., Cavenaghi, V. B., da Costa, L. P., de Souza, B. P. F., Takahashi, R. E. S., Starek, R. V. M., Siqueira, J. D. O., & Fráguas, R. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18020173 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Meng, F., Ou, W., Zhao, X., Wang, M., Lu, X., Dong, Q., Zhang, L., Sun, J., Guo, H., Zhao, F., et al. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01883-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chan, W.-L., Olbrich, S., Jiang, X., Zhang, H., Ip, C.-T., & Brunovský, M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119477 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Insights on the cognitive enhancement effect of desvenlafaxine in major depressive disorder
Vicent-Gil, M., Trujols, J., Sagués, T., Serra-Blasco, M., Navarra‐Ventura, G., Mantellini, C. L., Crivillés, S., Portella, M. J., & Cardoner, N. (2025) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-025-00552-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCan brain stimulation enhance cognition in clinical populations? A critical review
Martin, D. M., Berryhill, M. E., & Dielenberg, V. (2022) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-211230 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hutnyan, M., & McClintock, S. M. (2025) · Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.transm.2025.100088 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychiatric rehabilitation and cognitive deficit for treatment-resistant depression
Cheng, C., & Jeng, J. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.02.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Determining the cognitive performance in the first episode of depression
Vicent-Gil, M., & Portella, M. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817935-2.00007-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationRonold, E. H., Jensen, D. A., Thorsen, A. L., Raudeberg, R., Oltedal, L., Hammar, Å., Hirnstein, M., Douglas, K. M., Porter, R., & Kiebs, M. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094247 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Johnson, D. E., Meshkat, S., Kaczmarek, E. S., Rabin, J. S., Brudner, R. M., Chisamore, N., Doyle, Z., Bawks, J., Riva-Cambrin, J., Mansur, R. B., et al. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111565 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zandstra, M. G., Somers, M., Verwijk, E., van Eijndhoven, P., van Exel, E., Fredriksen, K. H., Loef, D., Oudega, M. L., Rovers, J. J. E., Schut, B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121874
Cognition in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Obstacles and Challenges?
Šagud, M., Jakšić, N., Marčinko, D., Uzun, S., Fabijanic, T., & Pivac, N. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_10
Cognitive Dysfunction and Suicide
Sunzeri, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14465-2_19
Oe, Y., Kurihara, M., Hayasaka, T., Nagashima, I., Murao, M., Matsumoto, Y., Takaesu, Y., Tsuboi, T., Watanabe, K., & Sakurai, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1838340
Ye, S., Jin, T., Wu, R., Wei, S., Chen, X., Ye, X., Zhao, H., Li, Y., Shang, D., Qi, X., et al. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2026.06.011
Birkholm, M. W., Søltoft‐Jensen, A., Marker, S., Vinberg, M., Riise, J., Koldby, K., Gronemann, F. H., Osler, M., & Petersen, J. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101144
Vicent-Gil, M., Trujols, J., Puigdemont, D., Portella, M. J., Alemany, C., Serrano-Gimeno, V., Aibar‐Durán, J. Á., Rodríguez, R. R., Ros, E., Cofán, M., et al. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111882
Self-citationWahner, V. T. H., Lange, T., Stonner, I., Paribello, P., Contu, M., Pinna, M., Kopeć, D., Ferensztajn‐Rochowiak, E., Rybakowski, F., Dierssen, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122380
Towards precision psychiatry: initial foundations and future directions
Etkin, A., O’Donnell, P., Ressler, K. J., & Manji, H. K. (2026) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-026-01509-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- López-Solà, C., Subirà, M., Serra-Blasco, M., Vicent-Gil, M., Navarra-Ventura, G., Aguilar, E., Acebillo, S., Palao, D. J., & Cardoner, N.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí (ES)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e74-e74
- ISSN
- 0924-9338 (ISSN-L)
- 1778-3585
- PMC
- PMC7443785
- OpenAlex
- W3036644526
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI17/01205, PI15/01478)
- European Regional Development Fund (PI15/01478)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, difficult-to-treat depression, cognitive impairment, verbal memory impairment, depression severity, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Outpatients, Odds Ratio, Cognitive Dysfunction, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
