Sex Differences in Semantic Processing: Event-Related Brain Potentials Distinguish between Lower and Higher Order Semantic Analysis during Word Reading
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Behavioral studies suggest that women and men differ in the strategic elaboration of verbally encoded information especially in the absence of external task demand. However, measuring such covert processing requires other than behavioral data. The present study used event-related potentials to compare sexes in lower and higher order semantic processing during the passive reading of semantically related and unrelated word pairs. Women and men showed the same early context effect in the P1-N1 transition period. This finding indicates that the initial lexical-semantic access is similar in men and women. In contrast, sexes differed in higher order semantic processing. Women showed an earlier and longer lasting context effect in the N400 accompanied by larger signal strength in temporal networks similarly recruited by men and women. The results suggest that women spontaneously conduct a deeper semantic analysis. This leads to faster processing of related words in the active neural networks as reflected in a shorter stability of the N400 map in women. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that there is a selective sex difference in the controlled semantic analysis during passive word reading that is not reflected in different functional organization but in the depth of processing.
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Major differences between men and women are observed in dialogue structure, word reading, and children's linguistic tasks.
“major differences are observed in dialogue structure75, word reading76, and even in children’s linguistic tasks77.”
From Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare (2020) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Wirth, M., Horn, H., Koenig, T., Stein, M., Federspiel, A., Meier, B., Michel, C., & Strik, W.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Bern (CH)
- University of Bern (CH)
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-11-20
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1987-1997
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2153243792
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Access CRIS of the University of Bern
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, semantic processing, word reading, N400, context effects, passive reading, temporal lobe, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Reading, Semantics, Sex Characteristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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