The impact of second language learning on semantic and nonsemantic first language reading
Open accessAbstract
The relationship between orthography (spelling) and phonology (speech sounds) varies across alphabetic languages. Consequently, learning to read a second alphabetic language, that uses the same letters as the first, increases the phonological associations that can be linked to the same orthographic units. In subjects with English as their first language, previous functional imaging studies have reported increased left ventral prefrontal activation for reading words with spellings that are inconsistent with their orthographic neighbors (e.g., PINT) compared with words that are consistent with their orthographic neighbors (e.g., SHIP). Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 17 Italian-English and 13 English-Italian bilinguals, we demonstrate that left ventral prefrontal activation for first language reading increases with second language vocabulary knowledge. This suggests that learning a second alphabetic language changes the way that words are read in the first alphabetic language. Specifically, first language reading is more reliant on both lexical/semantic and nonlexical processing when new orthographic to phonological mappings are introduced by second language learning. Our observations were in a context that required participants to switch between languages. They motivate future fMRI studies to test whether first language reading is also altered in contexts when the second language is not in use.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The left posterior occipitotemporal cortex was more activated by pseudowords than real words.
“Studies comparing word and pseudoword reading within script provided further evidence that the left posterior occipitotemporal cortex was more activated by pseudowords than real words (Levy et al., 2009; Nosarti et al., 2010; Woollams et al., 2011)”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Nosarti et al., 2010
The left anterior occipitotemporal cortex was more activated by irregular (inconsistently spelled) words than regular words.
“while the left anterior occipitotemporal cortex was more activated by irregular (inconsistently spelled) words than regular words (Nosarti et al., 2010; Graves et al., 2010a).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Nosarti et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming.
Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.523 · Cited by 3,909 · see citing works
Spatial registration and normalization of images
Friston, K. J., Ashburner, J., Frith, C., Poline, J.-B., Heather, J. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460030303 · Cited by 3,744 · see citing works
Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains.
Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.56 · Cited by 2,698 · see citing works
Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence
Lund, K., & Burgess, C. (1996) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03204766 · Cited by 1,808 · see citing works
Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory
Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.015 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
Poldrack, R. A., Wagner, A. D., Prull, M. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0441 · Cited by 1,448 · see citing works
Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages
Kim, K. H. S., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K.-M., & Hirsch, J. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/40623 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Badre, D., Poldrack, R. A., Paré-Blagoev, E. J., Insler, R. Z., & Wagner, A. D. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.023 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Activation of Extrastriate and Frontal Cortical Areas by Visual Words and Word-Like Stimuli
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2396097 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Brain potentials reveal unconscious translation during foreign language comprehension
Thierry, G., & Wu, Y. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0609927104 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
A cultural effect on brain function
Paulesu, E., McCrory, E., Fazio, F., Menoncello, L., Brunswick, N., Cappa, S. F., Cotelli, M., Cossu, G., Corte, F., Lorusso, M., et al. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/71163 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Self-citationStrategies for visual word recognition and orthographical depth: A multilingual comparison.
Frost, R., Katz, L. D., & Bentin, S. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.13.1.104 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Early Setting of Grammatical Processing in the Bilingual Brain
Wartenburger, I., Heekeren, H. R., Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., Villringer, A., & Perani, D. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01150-9 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Devlin, J. T., Matthews, P. M., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321107837 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Demonstrating the implicit processing of visually presented words and pseudowords
Price, C. J., Wise, R. J. S., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.62 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage Control in the Bilingual Brain
Crinion, J., Turner, R., Grogan, A., Hanakawa, T., Noppeney, U., Devlin, J. T., Aso, T., Urayama, S., Fukuyama, H., Stockton, K., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1127761 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Self-citationfMRI evidence for dual routes to the mental lexicon in visual word recognition
Fiebach, C. J., Friederici, A. D., Müller, K., & Cramon, D. Y. V. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317205285 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
The neural basis of first and second language processing.
Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.007 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The bilingual's language modes 1
Grosjean, F. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003060406-39 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Jared, D., & Kroll, J. F. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2000.2747 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition. A PET- rCBF study
Rumsey, J. M. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.5.739 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
McDermott, K. B., Petersen, S. E., Watson, J. M., & Ojemann, J. G. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00162-8 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Wang, M., Koda, K., & Perfetti, C. A. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00232-9 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Fiez, J. A., Balota, D. A., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80833-8 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Language control and lexical competition in bilinguals: an event-related fMRI study
Abutalebi, J., Annoni, J.-M., Zimine, I., Pegna, A. J., Seghier, M. L., Lee-Jahnke, H., Lazeyras, F., Cappa, S. F., & Khateb, A. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm182 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Brain processing of native and foreign languages
Perani, D., Dehaene, S., Grassi, F., Cohen, L., Cappa, S. F., Emmanuel Dupoux, A., Fazio, F., & Mehler, J. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199611040-00007 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Neural systems of second language reading are shaped by native language
Tan, L., Spinks, J., Feng, C.-M., Siok, W., Perfetti, C., Xiong, J., Fox, P., & Gao, J.-H. (2003) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10089 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Dual-route models of print to sound: Still a good horse race
Paap, K. R., & Noel, R. W. (1991) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00867328 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Strategies for visual word recognition and orthographical depth: A multilingual comparison.
Frost, R., Katz, L. D., & Bentin, S. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.13.1.104 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Disorders of reading and their implications for models of normal reading.
Coltheart, M. (1981) · Visible Language · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations
Mechelli, A., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., & Price, C. J. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321208196 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain
Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Rotte, M., Heinze, H.-J., Nösselt, T., & Münte, T. F. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4151026a · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The neural circuitry involved in the reading of German words and pseudowords: a PET study
Hagoort, P., Indefrey, P., Brown, C., Herzog, H., Steinmetz, H., & Seitz, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892999563490 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Task-Dependent Modulation of Regions in the Left Inferior Frontal Cortex during Semantic Processing
Roskies, A. L., Fiez, J. A., Balota, D. A., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290152541485 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Chee, M. W. L., Hon, N., Lee, H. L., & Soon, C. S. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0781 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Reading and reading disturbance
Price, C. J., & Mechelli, A. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.003 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationRodríguez‐Fornells, A., van der Lugt, A., Rotte, M., Britti, B., Heinze, H., & Münte, T. F. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053279559 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Task-specific Repetition Priming in Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex
Wagner, A. D. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.12.1176 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
Butler, Y. G., & Hakuta, K. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470756997.ch5 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming
Binder, J. R., Medler, D. A., Desai, R. H., Conant, L. L., & Liebenthal, E. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.029 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Chee, M. W. L., Weekes, B., Lee, K. M., Soon, C. S., Schreiber, A., Hoon, J. J., & Chee, M. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0631 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
A Parametric Approach to Orthographic Processing in the Brain: An fMRI Study
Tagamets, M. A., Novick, J. M., Chalmers, M. L., & Friedman, R. B. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562101 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Dissociating Reading Processes on the Basis of Neuronal Interactions
Mechelli, A., Crinion, J., de long, S., Friston, K. J., Ralph, M. A. L., Patterson, K. E., McClelland, J. L., & Price, C. J. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892905774589190 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, B. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.3.267 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Neural correlates of lexical and sublexical processes in reading
Joubert, S., Beauregard, M., Walter, N., Bourgouin, P. M., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J., Karama, S., & Lecours, A. (2004) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00403-6 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Multilingualism: an fMRI study
Vingerhoets, G. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.029 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Cerebral organization in bilinguals
Klein, D., Milner, B. A., Zatorre, R. J., Zhao, V., & Nikelski, J. (1999) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199909090-00026 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Meschyan, G., & Hernández, A. E. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.055 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Goswami, U., Ziegler, J. C., Dalton, L. J., & Schneider, W. (2001) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2790 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Specialization of phonological and semantic processing in Chinese word reading
Booth, J. R., Lu, D., Burman, D. D., Chou, T., Jin, Z. H., Peng, D.-L., Zhang, L., Ding, G., Deng, Y., & Liu, L. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.097 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Visual word recognition in bilinguals: phonological priming from the second to the first language.
van Wijnendaele, I., & Brysbaert, M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.3.616 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Terminating and exhaustive search in lexical access
Forster, K. I., & Bednall, E. S. (1976) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213255 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Nelson, J. R., Liu, Y., Fiez, J. A., & Perfetti, C. A. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20551 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The role of the left Brodmann's areas 44 and 45 in reading words and pseudowords
Heim, S., Alter, K., Ischebeck, A. K., Amunts, K., Eickhoff, S. B., Mohlberg, H., Zilles, K., von Cramon, D. Y., & Friederici, A. D. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.022 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Computational approaches to network analysis in functional brain imaging
Gonzalez-Lima, F., McIntosh, A. R., & Fox, P. T. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020103 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Brain Activation for Lexical Decision and Reading Aloud: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Carreiras, M., Mechelli, A., Estévez, A., & Price, C. J. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.433 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationCortical activation in the processing of passive sentences in L1 and L2: An fMRI study
Yokoyama, S., Okamoto, H., Miyamoto, T., Yoshimoto, K., Kim, J., Iwata, K., Jeong, H., Uchida, S., Ikuta, N., Sassa, Y., et al. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.066 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Priming and attentional control of lexical and sublexical pathways during naming.
Zevin, J. D., & Balota, D. A. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.1.121 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Reading in a Regular Orthography: An fMRI Study Investigating the Role of Visual Familiarity
Ischebeck, A. K., Indefrey, P., Usui, N., Nose, I., Hellwig, F. M., & Taira, M. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904970708 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
de Zubicaray, G. I., McMahon, K. L., Eastburn, M., & Pringle, A. J. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20227 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Theories of word naming interact with spelling--sound consistency.
Strain, E., Patterson, K. E., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.1.207 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Dissociating stimulus-driven semantic and phonological effect during reading and naming
Mechelli, A., Josephs, O., Lambon Ralph, M. A., McClelland, J. L., & Price, C. J. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20272 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping of verbal working memory in nonfluent Chinese-English bilinguals with functional MRI
Xue, G., Dong, Q., Jin, Z., & Chen, C.-S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.013 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Age of acquisition modulates neural activity for both regular and irregular syntactic functions
Hernández, A. E., Hofmann, J., & Kotz, S. A. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.055 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI: A novel technique for the detection of myocardial ischemia
Egred, M., Waiter, G. D., Al‐Mohammad, A., Semple, S. I. K., Redpath, T. W., & Walton, S. P. (2006) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.04.015 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms underlying semantic and orthographic processing in Chinese –English bilinguals
Ding, G., Perry, C., Peng, D., Ma, L., Li, D., Xu, S., Luo, Q., Xu, D., & Yang, J. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200308260-00003 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Pugh, K. R., Frost, S. J., Sandak, R., Landi, N., Rueckl, J. G., Constable, R. T., Seidenberg, M. S., Fulbright, R. K., Katz, L. D., & Mencl, W. E. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20079 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Speed of lexical and nonlexical processing in French: The case of the regularity effect
Ziegler, J. C., Perry, C., & Coltheart, M. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196556 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Language familiarity effects in short-term memory: The role of output delay and long-term knowledge
Thorn, A. S. C., Gathercole, S. E., & FRANKISH, C. R. (2002) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980244000198 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Frost, S. J., Mencl, W. E., Sandak, R., et al. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200504250-00021 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Naming interlingual homographs: Variable competition and the role of the decision system
SMITS, E., Martensen, H., Dijkstra, T., et al. (2006) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672890600263x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Working memory effects on semantic processing: Priming differences in pars orbitalis
Sabb, F., Bilder, R., Chou, M., & Bookheimer, S. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.050 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
fMRI evidence for the automatic phonological activation of briefly presented words
Peng, D., Ding, G., Perry, C., et al. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dardano, M., & Trifone, P. (1991) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
On the control of visual word recognition: Changing routes versus changing deadlines
Raman, I., Baluch, B., & Besner, D. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195841 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Behavioral and neurobiological effects of printed word repetition in lexical decision and naming
Katz, L. D., Lee, C. H., Tabor, W., Frost, S. J., Mencl, W. E., Sandak, R., Rueckl, J. G., & Pugh, K. R. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.022 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Late acquisition of literacy in a native language
Abutalebi, J., Keim, R., Brambati, S. M., Tettamanti, M., Cappa, S. F., Bleser, R. D., & Perani, D. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20240 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Changing views on word recognition in bilinguals
Brysbaert, M., & Dijkstra, A. F. J. (2006) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mapping of verbal working memory in nonfluent Chinese-English bilinguals with functional MRI
Xue, Dong, Jin, et al. (2006) · 中国生物学文摘 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Herbster (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Herbster AN Mintun MA Nebes RD Becker JT Regional cerebral blood flow during word and nonword reading Hum Brain Mapp. 1997 5 84 92 10096413
- Raven JC Court JH Raven J Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale 1988 Oxford (UK) Oxford Psychologists Press, Ltd
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Price, C. J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062 · Cited by 2,159 · see citing works
Self-citationThe anatomy of language: a review of 100 fMRI studies published in 2009
Price, C. J. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05444.x · Cited by 1,387 · see citing works
The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment
KROLL, J. F., VAN HELL, J. G., TOKOWICZ, N., & GREEN, D. W. (2010) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891000009x · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Self-citationParker Jones, O., Green, D. W., Grogan, A., Pliatsikas, C., Filippopolitis, K., Ali, N., Lee, H. L., Ramsden, S., Gazarian, K., Prejawa, S., et al. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr161 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Nosarti, C., Mechelli, A., Green, D. W., & Price, C. J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Price, Cathy J.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-05-28
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 315-327
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC2803733
- OpenAlex
- W2102555007
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (082420, MH64445)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH064445, MH64445)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- second language acquisition, first language reading, orthography-phonology mapping, orthographic consistency, ventral prefrontal cortex, lexical-semantic processing, bilingualism, Italian-English bilinguals, language switching, alphabetic writing systems
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Humans, Language, Language Tests, Functional Laterality, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Semantics, Verbal Behavior, Prefrontal Cortex, Multilingualism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
