Effects of Lexicality, Frequency, and Spelling-to-Sound Consistency on the Functional Anatomy of Reading
Open accessAbstract
Functional neuroimaging was used to investigate three factors that affect reading performance: first, whether a stimulus is a word or pronounceable non-word (lexicality), second, how often a word is encountered (frequency), and third, whether the pronunciation has a predictable spelling-to-sound correspondence (consistency). Comparisons between word naming (reading) and visual fixation scans revealed stimulus-related activation differences in seven regions. A left frontal region showed effects of consistency and lexicality, indicating a role in orthographic to phonological transformation. Motor cortex showed an effect of consistency bilaterally, suggesting that motoric processes beyond high-level representations of word phonology influence reading performance. Implications for the integration of these results into theoretical models of word reading are discussed.
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Reading pseudowords produces consistently higher activation than reading words.
“but consistently higher activation for reading pseudowords than words (Fiez et al., 1999; Bokde et al., 2001).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Fiez et al., 1999
Left posterior inferior frontal activation was higher for reading words with irregular spellings than regular spellings and was proportional to response times.
“Fiez and Petersen (1998) and Fiez et al. (1999) demonstrated this by showing that left posterior inferior frontal activation was also higher for reading words with irregular spellings (e.g. KNIFE) than regular spellings (e.g. BROOM) and was proportional to response times.”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Fiez et al., 1999
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Bitan, T., Cheon, J., Lu, D., Burman, D. D., Gitelman, D. R., Mesulam, M.-M., & Booth, J. R. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.048 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The impact of second language learning on semantic and nonsemantic first language reading
Nosarti, C., Mechelli, A., Green, D. W., & Price, C. J. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp101 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Encoding in the Visual Word Form Area: An fMRI Adaptation Study of Words versus Handwriting
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- Authors
- Fiez, J. A., Balota, D. A., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fiez, Julie A.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 205-218
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144810130
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 13.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ey008775-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 13851, P01HL013851)
- National Eye Institute (EY-08775)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 06833)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- reading, lexicality, word frequency, word naming, visual fixation, left frontal cortex, motor cortex, word recognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cerebellum, Female, Frontal Lobe, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Male, Motor Cortex, Phonetics, Reading, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Vocabulary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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