The Brain Circuitry Underlying the Temporal Evolution of Nausea in Humans
Open accessAbstract
Nausea is a universal human experience. It evolves slowly over time, and brain mechanisms underlying this evolution are not well understood. Our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach evaluated brain activity contributing to and arising from increasing motion sickness. Subjects rated transitions to increasing nausea, produced by visually induced vection within the fMRI environment. We evaluated parametrically increasing brain activity 1) precipitating increasing nausea and 2) following transition to stronger nausea. All subjects demonstrated visual stimulus-associated activation (P < 0.01) in primary and extrastriate visual cortices. In subjects experiencing motion sickness, increasing phasic activity preceding nausea was found in amygdala, putamen, and dorsal pons/locus ceruleus. Increasing sustained response following increased nausea was found in a broader network including insular, anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal, somatosensory and prefrontal cortices. Moreover, sustained anterior insula activation to strong nausea was correlated with midcingulate activation (r = 0.87), suggesting a closer linkage between these specific regions within the brain circuitry subserving nausea perception. Thus, while phasic activation in fear conditioning and noradrenergic brainstem regions precipitates transition to strong nausea, sustained activation following this transition occurs in a broader interoceptive, limbic, somatosensory, and cognitive network, reflecting the multiple dimensions of this aversive commonly occurring symptom.
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Brain areas active during the development of nausea have been identified in imaging studies.
“Recently, the brain areas active during the development of nausea have been identified in imaging studies (Napadow et al. 2013; Sugiyama et al. 2011; Suzuki et al. 2012; Yates 1996a, b; Yates et al. 1995a, b; Yates and Bronstein 2005; Yates and Miller 2009).”
From Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting (2014) · cites this paper as Napadow et al. 2013
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“While few neuroimaging studies have investigated the brain circuitry supporting nausea, our recent functional MRI (fMRI) study suggested that phasic activations, which precipitate nausea ratings increases, mainly involved brainstem and limbic regions, whereas sustained activation following such increases revealed a mo…”
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Balaban, C. D., & Yates, B. J. (2016) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“tion include supratentorial regions (Farmer et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2011; Napadow et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNeuroticism modulates brain visuo-vestibular and anxiety systems during a virtual rollercoaster task
Riccelli, R., Indovina, I., Staab, J. P., Nigro, S. L., Augimeri, A., Lacquaniti, F., & Passamonti, L. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23411 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
White matter impairment in chronic heroin dependence: A quantitative DTI study
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Kenward, H., Elliott, J., Lee, T., et al. (2017) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1156-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The sensation of nausea is produced in cortical forebrain regions [46], increased activity was recorded in the left amygdala, the ventral putamen and the putative locus coeruleus [47].”
BackgroundRevisiting the physiology of nausea and vomiting—challenging the paradigm
Wickham, R. (2019) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-019-05012-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Psychiatric side effects of mefloquine: applications to forensic psychiatry.
Ritchie, E. C., Block, J. J., & Nevin, R. L. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Practical Perspectives in the Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting
Cangemi, D. J., & Kuo, B. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001164 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationToschi, N., Kim, J., Sclocco, R., Duggento, A., Barbieri, R., Kuo, B., & Napadow, V. (2016) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.10.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…component time series spikes consistent with prior motion correction time series spikes) as well as physiological noise components (e.g. cardiac and respiratory CSF pulsations and signal from vessels outside the brain), as in our previous analyses (Napadow et al., 2013a; Sclocco et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPrevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea: the role of neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonists
Bosnjak, S. M., Gralla, R. J., & Schwartzberg, L. S. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3585-z · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In contrast to vomiting, nausea has been shown to require conscious awareness and cortical function [27].”
BackgroundThe physiological basis of psychological disgust and moral judgments.
Tracy, J. L., Steckler, C. M., & Heltzel, G. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000141 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Thermoregulatory correlates of nausea in rats and musk shrews
Ngampramuan, S., Cerri, M., Del Vecchio, F., Corrigan, J. J., Kamphee, A., Dragic, A. S., Rudd, J. A., Romanovsky, A. A., & Nalivaiko, E. (2014) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.1732 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The first human brain imaging study of motion sickness revealed several regions that were activated during the experience of nausea, namely the medial prefrontal cortex, the insular cortex, the amygdala, the putamen and the locus coeruleus [42]; somewhat surprisingly, hippocampus was not among them.”
What the Gut Can Teach Us About Migraine
Hindiyeh, N. A., & Aurora, S. K. (2015) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0501-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cannabinoids As Potential Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Rock, E. M., & Parker, L. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00221 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sticht, M. A., Limebeer, C. L., Rafla, B. R., Abdullah, R. A., Poklis, J. L., Ho, W., Niphakis, M. J., Cravatt, B. F., Sharkey, K. A., Lichtman, A. H., et al. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.039 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This work suggests that the insula is part of a broad network of brain areas mediating the experience of nausea in humans (Napadow et al. 2013), and may play a particularly critical role in regulating autonomic control in response to nausea-inducing stimuli (Sclocco et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSojka, P., Diez, I., Bareš, M., & Perez, D. L. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25304 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“men co-activation supports a role for the putamen in modulating motor responses to visceral changes (Napadow et al., 2013; Ruffle et al., 2019).”
BackgroundChronic Idiopathic Nausea of Childhood
Kovacic, K. K., Miranda, A., Chelimsky, G. G., Williams, S. E., Simpson, P. M., & Li, B. U. K. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.046 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies describe the neurobiology of motion-induced nausea and shed some light on the complex, neural pathways of nausea.(3) Still, functional nausea is only described as a clinical symptom without a distinct, underlying physiologic mechanism.”
BackgroundPictures of disgusting foods and disgusted facial expressions suppress the tongue motor cortex
Vicario, C. M., Rafal, R. D., Borgomaneri, S., Paracampo, R., Kritikos, A., & Avenanti, A. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw129 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…odors and liquids (O’Doherty et al., 2001; Wicker et al., 2003; Jabbi et al., 2007, 2008a), and when feeling nausea (Krolak-Salmon et al., 2003; Napadow et al., 2013) but also during imaginative experiences of disgust, e.g. when watching or imagining disgusting foods and scenarios (Schienle…”
BackgroundThe brain network for self-feeling: A symptom-lesion mapping study
Grossi, D., Vita, A. D., Palermo, L., Sabatini, U., Trojano, L., & Guariglia, C. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Limebeer, C. L., Rock, E. M., Sharkey, K. A., & Parker, L. A. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0256-18.2018 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The insular cortex (IC) is a critical region for generating the sensations of nausea (Penfield and Faulk, 1955; Kiefer and Orr, 1992; Contreras et al., 2007; Napadow et al., 2013; Sclocco et al., 2016) and disgust (Calder et al.”
BackgroundNausea and Vomiting: a Palliative Care Imperative
Wickham, R. J. (2020) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-020-0871-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ellingsen, D., Garcia, R. G., Lee, J., Lin, R. L., Kim, J., Thurler, A. H., Castel, S., Dimisko, L., Rosen, B. R., Hadjikhani, N. K., et al. (2016) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationA Proximal Perspective on Disgust
Stevenson, R. J., Case, T. I., Oaten, M., Stafford, L. D., & Saluja, S. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919853355 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Horn, C. C. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3985-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gavgani, A. M., Wong, R. H. X., Howe, P. R. C., Hodgson, D. M., Walker, F. R., & Nalivaiko, E. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cortico-basal ganglia circuits involved in different motivation disorders in non-human primates
Sgambato, V., Worbe, Y., Epinat‐Duclos, J., Féger, J., & Tremblay, L. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0911-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prolonged microgravity induces reversible and persistent changes on human cerebral connectivity
Jillings, S., Pechenkova, E., Tomilovskaya, E., Rukavishnikov, I. V., Jeurissen, B., Ombergen, A. V., Nosikova, I., Rumshiskaya, A. D., Litvinova, L., Annen, J., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-04382-w · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sgambato, V., & Tremblay, L. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1693-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Numerous imaging studies in humans have documented that the insula is involved in the feeling of disgust (Wicker et al. 2003), nausea (Na- padow et al. 2013) and vomiting (Catenoix et al. 2008).”
BackgroundXiao, Q., Zhao, X., Bi, G., Wu, L., Zhang, H., Liu, R., Zhong, J., Wu, S., Zeng, Y., Cui, L., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00376 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cannabinoid Regulation of Acute and Anticipatory Nausea
Rock, E. M., Sticht, M. A., Limebeer, C. L., & Parker, L. A. (2016) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2016.0006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sagberg, L. M., Iversen, D. H., Fyllingen, E. H., Jakola, A. S., Reinertsen, I., & Solheim, O. S. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101658 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The cingulum area is related to motor control and cognition (Paus, 2001), pain and emotion (Vogt, 2005), and other symptoms like nausea (Napadow et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCentral Aspects of Nausea and Vomiting in GI Disorders
Singh, P., & Kuo, B. (2016) · Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s11938-016-0107-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, W., Wang, J., Pan, L., Qi, R., Liu, P., Liu, J., & Cai, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00029 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies found that the amygdala was activated in humans experiencing motion sickness-induced nausea or mal de debarquement syndrome (Cha et al., 2012; Napadow et al., 2013).”
BackgroundWilcox, S. L., Ludwick, A., Lebel, A., & Borsook, D. (2017) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102417722570 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ruffle, J. K., Patel, A., Giampietro, V., Howard, M. A., Sanger, G. J., Andrews, P. L. R., Williams, S., Aziz, Q., & Farmer, A. D. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277474 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Using a priori selection of regions (Stern et al., 2011a; Napadow et al., 2012; Critchley & Harrison, 2013), 22 regions of interest (ROI) parcellation masks were generated using the Harvard-Oxford Cortical Structural Probability Atlas and FSLeyes (Smith et al.”
MethodPharmacogenetics of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Sugino, S., & Janicki, P. K. (2015) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.14.168 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid signaling in stress, nausea, and vomiting
DeVuono, M. V., Venkatesan, T., & Hillard, C. J. (2024) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14911 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Application and Pharmaceutical Development of Etomidate: Challenges and Strategies
Zhang, H., Wu, A., Nan, X., Yang, L., Zhang, D., Zhang, Z., & Liu, H. (2024) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00325 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Analysis of Motion Sickness Associated Brain Activity Using fNIRS: A Driving Simulator Study
Zhang, C., Li, S., Li, Y., Li, S. E., & Nie, B. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3038039 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“used fMRI to study motion sickness and found that the occurrence of motion sickness is related to the middle prefrontal cortex of the brain [47].”
MethodThe Effectiveness of Common Cannabis Products for Treatment of Nausea
Stith, S. S., Li, X., Orozco, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001534 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Aapro, M., Jordan, K., Scotté, F., Celio, L., Karthaus, M., & Roeland, E. J. (2022) · Current Cancer Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1568009622666220513094352 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The pathophysiology of nausea is far less understood [17, 18], and because it is a subjective symptom, its assessment is an ongoing clinical challenge [19].”
BackgroundKovacic, K. K., & Lorenzo, C. D. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001076 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Co experimentally induced nausea (motion induced) (13).”
ResultYu, Z., Lv, Y.-B., Song, L.-H., Liu, D., Huang, X.-L., Hu, X., Zuo, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, Q., Peng, J., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00124 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…et al., 2008, 2012; Borsook et al., 2016), cognitive function (Bossaerts, 2010; Wiech et al., 2010; Nieuwenhuys, 2012; James et al., 2013), selfregulation (Preuschoff et al., 2008), external sensation (Wright et al., 2004), and internal sensation (Fasold et al., 2002; Napadow et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBrain white matter microstructure is associated with susceptibility to motion‐induced nausea
Napadow, V., Sheehan, J., Kim, J., et al. (2013) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12084 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationWei, Y., Okazaki, Y. O., So, R. H. Y., Chu, C. W., & Kitajo, K. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116028 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Variants in the CNR1 gene predispose to headache with nausea in the presence of life stress
Juhász, G., Csépány, É., Magyar, M., Édes, A. E., Eszlári, N., Hullám, G., Antal, P., Kökönyei, G., Anderson, I. M., Deakin, J. F. W., et al. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12352 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A recent human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study suggested that sustained nausea activates an extensive network of limbic, interoceptive and cognitive brain areas including the insular cortex and the anterior cingulate (Napadow et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialInter-hemispheric desynchronization of the human MT+ during visually induced motion sickness
Miyazaki, J., Yamamoto, H., Ichimura, Y., Yamashiro, H., Murase, T., Yamamoto, T., Umeda, M., & Higuchi, T. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4312-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…the course of VIMS, 411 fMRI activity in right fronto-insular cortex (including the anterior insula) was correlated 412 with the severity of nausea (Napadow et al. 2012), and the white matter tract connecting 413 the right insular cortex and right MT+ was associated with VIMS susceptibility…”
InfluentialPaiar, F., Cristaudo, A., Gonnelli, A., et al. (2019) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.25982 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Recent investigations using functional MRI techniques in healthy adults have shown that two areas of the brain involved in higher cognitive function and emotion, namely the medial prefrontal cortex and the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, are positively correlated with an increase in heart rate during nausea, sugg…”
BackgroundCentral Nervous System Mechanisms of Nausea in Gastroparesis: An fMRI-Based Case–Control Study
Snodgrass, P., Sandoval, H., Calhoun, V. D., Ramos-Duran, L. R., Song, G., Sun, Y., Alvarado, B., Bashashati, M., Sarosiek, I., & McCallum, R. W. (2019) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05766-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ayoub, S. M., Smoum, R., Farag, M., Atwal, H., Collins, S. A., Rock, E. M., Limebeer, C. L., Piscitelli, F., Iannotti, F. A., Lichtman, A. H., et al. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05570-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The insular cortex is also essential for the sensation of nausea in humans (Penfield and Faulk 1955; Napadow et al. 2013; Sclocco et al. 2016) and rats (Contreras et al.”
BackgroundLi, N., Liu, L., Sun, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-021-01449-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ishii, A., Tanaka, M., Iwamae, M., Kim, C., Yamano, E., & Watanabe, Y. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-9-24 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“For example, inhalation of odorants producing a strong feeling of disgust caused activation in the insular cortex [31], nausea produced by visually induced circular vection resulted in activation in the insular cortex [32], and observing aversive pictures also activated the insular cortex [33].”
BackgroundEndocannabinoid Mechanisms Influencing Nausea
Sticht, M. A., Rock, E. M., Limebeer, C. L., & Parker, L. A. (2015) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.09.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nalivaiko, E. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00027-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lu, D., Wang, Y., Zhao, T., et al. (2020) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01699-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Methodologic considerations for studies of chronic nausea and vomiting in adults and children
Hasler, W. L., Li, B. U. K., Koch, K. L., Parkman, H. P., Kovacic, K. K., & McCallum, R. W. (2016) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Seifert, C. L., Schönbach, E. M., Zimmer, C., Förschler, A., Tölle, T. R., Feurer, R., Gempt, J., Papadopoulou, A., Magon, S., Sprenger, T., et al. (2016) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102416686342 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The authors further found that those subjects who experienced higher levels of nausea associated with the visual motion stimulus had greater activation in several non-visual gray matter regions, including the anterior insula and fronto-insular cortex (26).”
BackgroundRock, E. M., Moreno‐Sanz, G., Limebeer, C. L., Petrie, G. N., Angelini, R., Piomelli, D., & Parker, L. A. (2017) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13980 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“(2016) demonstrated that elevation of 2-AG by MAGL inhibition in the interoceptive insular cortex (IIC), a cortical site responsible for the experience of nausea (Penfield and Faulk, 1955; Napadow et al., 2013), reduces nauseainduced conditioned gaping in rats.”
BackgroundInfluentialNeural networks involved in nausea in adult humans: A systematic review
Varangot‐Reille, C., Sanger, G. J., Andrews, P. L. R., Herranz‐Gómez, A., Suso‐Martí, L., de la Nava, J., & Cuenca‐Martínez, F. (2022) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2022.103059 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mittelstädt, J. M., Wacker, J., & Stelling, D. (2018) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720818804382 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Investigations of brain activity underlying cybersickness revealed complex patterns of activation, including increased activation in the left amygdala, the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the right anterior insula (Farmer et al., 2015; Napadow et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSpiegel, D. R., Pattison, A., Lyons, A. B., et al. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ginger for treating nausea and vomiting: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Li, Z., Wu, J., Song, J., & Wen, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2023.2284647 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Multiple regions of the cerebral cortex become active during nausea, which supported by functional brain imaging research (Napadow et al. 2013).”
BackgroundKenward, H., Pelligand, L., & Elliott, J. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3961-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“For both study 1 and 2, all dogs were given 0.9 % saline and mannitol infusions to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin (Ogilvie et al. 1988) (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Napadow, V., Sheehan, J. D., Kim, J., LaCount, L. T., Park, K., Kaptchuk, T. J., Rosen, B. R., & Kuo, B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-04-02
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 806-813
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC3593575
- OpenAlex
- W2147691780
- Semantic Scholar
- 0a06a06e294f3469f9768684508df0ae84ee9339
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK069614)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41-RR-14075, UL1RR025758, P41RR014075)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT004714, F05AT003770, K24AT004095, K01AT002166, P01AT002048)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Nausea and vomiting management
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- nausea, motion sickness, brain circuits, amygdala, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, locus coeruleus, interoception, noradrenergic system, fear conditioning, somatosensory cortex, orbitofrontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Motion Perception, Nausea, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Young Adult
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