Contrasting Roles for Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala in Credit Assignment and Learning in Macaques
Open accessAbstract
Recent studies have challenged the view that orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala mediate flexible reward-guided behavior. We trained macaques to perform an object discrimination reversal task during fMRI sessions and identified a lateral OFC (lOFC) region in which activity predicted adaptive win-stay/lose-shift behavior. Amygdala and lOFC activity was more strongly coupled on lose-shift trials. However, lOFC-amygdala coupling was also modulated by the relevance of reward information in a manner consistent with a role in establishing how credit for reward should be assigned. Day-to-day fluctuations in signals and signal coupling were correlated with day-to-day fluctuation in performance. A second experiment confirmed the existence of signals for adaptive stay/shift behavior in lOFC and reflecting irrelevant reward in the amygdala in a probabilistic learning task. Our data demonstrate that OFC and amygdala each make unique contributions to flexible behavior and credit assignment.
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Area 47/12o has been linked to the process of assigning the credit for a specific outcome to a specific choice.
“It has been linked to the process of assigning the credit for a specific outcome to a specific choice.27”
From Two prefrontal-subcortical circuits estimate controllability and reflect its impact on learning (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The finding of non-reward neurons is robust: 18/494 (3.6%) of neurons in the original study responded to non-reward, 10/140 (7.1%) in a complementary study, and an fMRI study showed macaque lateral OFC activation when expected reward was not obtained during reversal.
“The finding of non-reward neurons is robust, in that 18/494 (3.6%) of the neurons in the original study responded to non-reward (Thorpe et al., 1983), consistent results were found in different tasks in a complementary study (10/140 non-reward neurons in the OFC or 7.1%) (Rosenkilde et al., 1981), and an fMRI study has shown that the macaque lateral OFC is activated when an expected reward is not”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Chau et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Chau, B. K. H., Sallet, J., Papageorgiou, G. K., Noonan, M. P., Bell, A. H., Walton, M. E., & Rushworth, M. F. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Chau, Bolton K.H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1106-1118
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4562909
- OpenAlex
- W1922104716
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 8.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (105651, 100973, 101092, 100973/Z/13/Z, 101092/Z/13/Z)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, credit assignment, reward-guided behavior, behavioral flexibility, win-stay lose-shift, probabilistic learning, macaque
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Amygdala, Animals, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Oxygen, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Temperature, Time Factors, Prefrontal Cortex
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