Topologically Reorganized Connectivity Architecture of Default-Mode, Executive-Control, and Salience Networks across Working Memory Task Loads
Open accessAbstract
The human brain is topologically organized into a set of spatially distributed, functionally specific networks. Of these networks, the default-mode network (DMN), executive-control network (ECN), and salience network (SN) have received the most attention recently for their vital roles in cognitive functions. However, very little is known about whether and how the interactions within and between these 3 networks would be modulated by cognitive demands. Here, we employed graph-based modularity analysis to identify the DMN, ECN, and SN during an N-back working memory (WM) task and further investigated the modulation of intra- and inter-network interactions at different cognitive loads. As the task load elevated, functional connectivity decreased within the DMN while increased within the ECN, and the SN connected more with both the DMN and ECN. Within-network connectivity of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex was differentially modulated by cognitive load. Further, the superior parietal regions in the ECN showed increased internetwork connections at higher WM loads, and these increases correlated positively with WM task performance. Together, these findings advance our understanding of dynamic integrations of specialized brain systems in response to cognitive demands and may serve as a baseline for assessing potential disruptions of these interactions in pathological conditions.
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The central executive network is anchored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortices and is associated with executive functioning.
“The CEN, anchored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC), is associated with executive functioning [36–42].”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
The Brain Module Identification section describes the executive-control network as comprising primarily bilateral lateral frontal and parietal cortices, and the Introduction links it to externally directed cognitive functions. These passages support the broad anatomy and functional association, but our copy does not specifically identify the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as an anchor. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Liang, X., Zou, Q., He, Y., & Yang, Y.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liang, Xia
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-01-16
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1501-1511
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC4785946
- OpenAlex
- W1968592137
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 16.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81201142, 81225012, 31221003, 81030028)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (81225012)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- default mode network, frontoparietal network, salience network, working memory, cognitive load, functional connectivity, network topology, posterior cingulate cortex, superior parietal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neural Pathways, Young Adult, Executive Function
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