The role of PFC networks in cognitive control and executive function
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Systems neuroscience approaches with a focus on large-scale brain organization and network analysis are advancing foundational knowledge of how cognitive control processes are implemented in the brain. Over the past decade, technological and computational innovations in the study of brain connectivity have led to advances in our understanding of how brain networks function, inspiring new conceptualizations of the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) networks in the coordination of cognitive control. In this review, we describe six key PFC networks involved in cognitive control and elucidate key principles relevant for understanding how these networks implement cognitive control. Implementation of cognitive control in a constantly changing environment depends on the dynamic and flexible organization of PFC networks. In this context, we describe major empirical and theoretical models that have emerged in recent years and describe how their functional architecture and dynamic organization supports flexible cognitive control. We take an overarching view of advances made in the past few decades and consider fundamental issues regarding PFC network function, global brain dynamics, and cognition that still need to be resolved. We conclude by clarifying important future directions for research on cognitive control and their implications for advancing our understanding of PFC networks in brain disorders.
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Across a wide range of tasks, the anterior insula has emerged as a causal signaling hub that facilitates engagement of the lateral frontoparietal cortex involved in attention, response inhibition, and working memory while disengaging DMN nodes.
“Across a wide range of tasks, the anterior insula has emerged as a causal signaling hub that facilitates engagement of the lateral frontoparietal cortex involved in attention, response inhibition, and working memory while disengaging DMN nodes. 26,27”
From 20 years of the default mode network: A review and synthesis. (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResting state and functional connectivity data suggest several distinct configurations (networks) of prefrontal cortex and other brain regions: the lateral fronto-parietal network, the cingulo-opercular network, the ventral attention network, the dorsal attention network, and the default mode network.
“With respect to the latter, resting state and functional connectivity data suggest several distinct configurations (networks) of PFC and other brain regions, reviewed by Menon and D’Esposito (this issue) [16]: the lateral “fronto-parietal” (or “central executive”) network (FPN), anchored in the dorsolateral (dl) and dorsomedial PFC and posterior parietal cortex; the “cingulo-opercular” network (”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
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Alpha-Band Phase Synchrony Is Related to Activity in the Fronto-Parietal Adaptive Control Network
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Self-citationOscillatory dynamics coordinating human frontal networks in support of goal maintenance
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Self-citationFrontoparietal and Cingulo-opercular Networks Play Dissociable Roles in Control of Working Memory
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Self-citationA mechanistic model of connector hubs, modularity and cognition
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Bayesian Prediction and Evaluation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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A mechanistic model of connector hubs, modularity and cognition
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Self-citationFunctional network connectivity in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia
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Self-citationBrain Modularity: A Biomarker of Intervention-related Plasticity
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Fronto-parietal Cortical Circuits Encode Accumulated Evidence with a Diversity of Timescales
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The effect of theta-burst TMS on cognitive control networks measured with resting state fMRI
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Dynamic causal brain circuits during working memory and their functional controllability
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Bayesian switching factor analysis for estimating time-varying functional connectivity in fMRI
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Self-citationA comparison of Granger causality and coherency in fMRI‐based analysis of the motor system
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Flexible coordinator and switcher hubs for adaptive task controlPreprint
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- [6]6. J Fuster, The prefrontal cortex (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2015).
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The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function
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20 years of the default mode network: A review and synthesis.
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Cognitive neuroscience perspective on memory: overview and summary
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A phase I trial of accelerated intermittent theta burst rTMS for amnestic MCI
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Yoo, Y.-E., Mandal, P., Tang, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Robinson, M., Eaton, M., Deming, B., Halurkar, M., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676420 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Menon, V., & D’Esposito, M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Menon, Vinod
- D’Esposito, Mark
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2021-08-18
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 90-103
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC8616903
- OpenAlex
- W3195506311
- Cited by
- 654
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 176 · 2024: 166 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 11.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS086085)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH121069, MH63901)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- cognitive control, executive function, brain connectivity, large-scale brain organization, dynamic brain networks, brain disorders
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Function
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