The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Serologic testing of US blood donations to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-reactive antibodies: December 2019–January 2020
Open accessAbstract
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, with subsequent worldwide spread. The first US cases were identified in January 2020. Methods: To determine if SARS-CoV-2–reactive antibodies were present in sera prior to the first identified case in the United States on 19 January 2020, residual archived samples from 7389 routine blood donations collected by the American Red Cross from 13 December 2019 to 17 January 2020 from donors resident in 9 states (California, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin) were tested at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Specimens reactive by pan-immunoglobulin (pan-Ig) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the full spike protein were tested by IgG and IgM ELISAs, microneutralization test, Ortho total Ig S1 ELISA, and receptor-binding domain/ACE2 blocking activity assay. Results: Of the 7389 samples, 106 were reactive by pan-Ig. Of these 106 specimens, 90 were available for further testing. Eighty-four of 90 had neutralizing activity, 1 had S1 binding activity, and 1 had receptor-binding domain/ACE2 blocking activity >50%, suggesting the presence of anti–SARS-CoV-2–reactive antibodies. Donations with reactivity occurred in all 9 states. Conclusions: These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may have been introduced into the United States prior to 19 January 2020.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Whether identifiable cases appeared earlier than December, 2019, is unknown.68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884
Self-citationA new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China
Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y.-M., Wang, W., Song, Z.-G., Hu, Y., Tao, Z.-W., Tian, J.-H., Pei, Y.-Y., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3 · Cited by 11,688
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897
First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States
Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C., Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001191 · Cited by 6,030
Self-citationThe proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2
Andersen, K. G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W. I., Holmes, E. C., & Garry, R. F. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 · Cited by 5,081
Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., Zarebski, A. E., & Chowell, G. (2020) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.10.2000180 · Cited by 2,317
Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody
Pinto, D., Park, Y.-J., Beltramello, M., Walls, A. C., Tortorici, M. A., Bianchi, S., Jaconi, S., Culap, K., Zatta, F., De Marco, A., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2349-y · Cited by 1,885
Okba, N. M. A., Müller, M. A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Corman, V. M., Lamers, M. M., Sikkema, R. S., de Bruin, E., Chandler, F. D., et al. (2020) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2607.200841 · Cited by 1,614
Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans
Ng, K. W., Faulkner, N., Cornish, G. H., Rosa, A., Harvey, R., Hussain, S., Ulferts, R., Earl, C., Wrobel, A. G., Benton, D. J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1107 · Cited by 886
Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2
van Dorp, L., Acman, M., Richard, D., Shaw, L. P., Ford, C. E., Ormond, L., Owen, C. J., Pang, J., Tan, C. C. S., Boshier, F. A. T., et al. (2020) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104351 · Cited by 780
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with Coronavirus Disease, United States
Harcourt, J. L., Tamin, A., Lu, X., Kamili, S., Sakthivel, S. K., Murray, J., Queen, K. J., Tao, Y., Paden, C. R., Zhang, J., et al. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2606.200516 · Cited by 534
Self-citationAddetia, A., Crawford, K. H. D., Dingens, A., Zhu, H., Roychoudhury, P., Huang, M.-L., Jerome, K. R., Bloom, J. D., & Greninger, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02107-20 · Cited by 525
Special report: The simulations driving the world’s response to COVID-19
Adam, D. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6 · Cited by 452
Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2
Li, X., Zai, J., Zhao, Q., Nie, Q. H., Li, Y., Foley, B. T., & Chaillon, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.25731 · Cited by 428
The COVID-19 Investigation Team (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0877-5 · Cited by 401
SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019
Deslandes, A., Berti, V., Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y., Alloui, C., Carbonnelle, É., Zahar, J., Brichler, S., & Cohen, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006 · Cited by 243
1970s and ‘Patient 0’ HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America
Worobey, M., Watts, T. D., McKay, R. A., Suchard, M. A., Granade, T. C., Teuwen, D. E., Koblin, B. A., Heneine, W., Lemey, P., & Jaffe, H. W. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19827 · Cited by 221
Evidence for Limited Early Spread of COVID-19 Within the United States, January–February 2020
CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Jorden, M. A., Rudman, S. L., Villarino, E., Hoferka, S., Patel, M. T., Bemis, K., Simmons, C. R., Jespersen, M., Johnson, J. I., et al. (2020) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6922e1 · Cited by 168
Freeman, B. D., Lester, S. N., Mills, L. A., Rasheed, M. A. U., Moye, S., Abiona, O. M., Hutchinson, G. B., Morales-Betoulle, M. E., Krapinunaya, I., Gibbons, A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.057323 · Cited by 92
Self-citationZhang, Y., Sakthivel, S. K., Bramley, A. M., Jain, S., Haynes, A., Chappell, J. D., Hymas, W. C., Lenny, N. T., Patel, A. R., Qi, C., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01701-16 · Cited by 56
Implications of the impact of prevalence on test thresholds and outcomes: lessons from tuberculosis
Bentley, T. G. K., Catanzaro, A., & Ganiats, T. G. (2012) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-563 · Cited by 49
Use of Blood Donor Screening Data to Estimate Zika Virus Incidence, Puerto Rico, April–August 2016
Chevalier, M. S., Biggerstaff, B. J., Basavaraju, S. V., Ocfemia, M. C. B., Alsina, J. O., Climent, C., Moseley, R. R., Chung, K., Rivera-García, B., Bello-Pagán, M., et al. (2017) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2305.161873 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 23 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Okba, 2020, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease 2019 patients, Emerg Infect Dis, 26, 1478, 10.3201/eid2607.200841 · DOI · Paper page
- Spencer, 2015, Survey to estimate donor loss to 14- or 28-day travel deferral for mitigation of CHIKV, DENV and other acute infections, Transfusion, 55, P1 030 A
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic
To, K. K., Sridhar, S., Chiu, K. H., Hung, D. L. L., Li, X., Hung, I. F., Tam, A. R., Chung, T. W., Chan, J. F., Zhang, J., et al. (2021) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291 · Cited by 359
Singh, S., McNab, C., Olson, R. M., Bristol, N., Nolan, C., Bergstrøm, E., Bartos, M., Mabuchi, S., Panjabi, R., Karan, A., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01897-3 · Cited by 141
Cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the first COVID-19 wave
Davis, J. T., Chinazzi, M., Perra, N., Mu, K., y Piontti, A. P., Ajelli, M., Dean, N. E., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04130-w · Cited by 132
Dobaño, C., Santano, R., Jiménez, A., Vidal, M., Chi, J., Melero, N. R., Popovic, M., López-Aladid, R., Fernández‐Barat, L., Tortajada, M., et al. (2021) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2021.02.006 · Cited by 110
Metadata
- Authors
- Basavaraju, S. V., Patton, M. E., Grimm, K., Rasheed, M. A. U., Lester, S., Mills, L., Stumpf, M., Freeman, B., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J., Schiffer, J., Semenova, V., Li, H., Alston, B., Ategbole, M., Bolcen, S., Boulay, D., Browning, P., Cronin, L., David, E., Desai, R., Epperson, M., Gorantla, Y., Jia, T., Maniatis, P., Moss, K., Ortiz, K., Park, S. H., Patel, P., Qin, Y., Steward-Clark, E., Tatum, H., Vogan, A., Zellner, B., Drobeniuc, J., Sapiano, M. R. P., Havers, F., Reed, C., Gerber, S., Thornburg, N. J., & Stramer, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- American Red Cross (US)
- Synergy America (United States) (US)
- Eagle Global Scientific, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- CFD Research Corporation (United States) (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thornburg, Natalie J
- ORCID
- Basavaraju, Sridhar V
- Patton, Monica E
- Lester, Sandra
- Mills, Lisa
- Stumpf, Megan
- Freeman, Brandi
- Tamin, Azaibi
- Harcourt, Jennifer
- Schiffer, Jarad
- Semenova, Vera
- Li, Han
- Alston, Bailey
- Bolcen, Shanna
- Epperson, Monica
- Maniatis, Panagiotis
- Ortiz, Kristina
- Patel, Palak
- Drobeniuc, Jan
- Havers, Fiona
- Reed, Carrie
- Gerber, Susan
- Thornburg, Natalie J
- Stramer, Susan L
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-11-30
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e1004-e1009
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- PMC
- PMC7799215
- OpenAlex
- W3108003003
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- US government work
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, blood donation, pre-existing antibodies, serological surveillance, blood donor screening, neutralizing antibodies
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Antibodies, Viral, Blood Donors, China, Connecticut, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, Wisconsin, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
