Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Although molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are needed for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. We developed serologic assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein-specific, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity, and sensitivity varied between the 2 assays; the IgA ELISA showed higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described can be instrumental for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiologic, and vaccine evaluation studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Measurement of serum neutralizing activity has been shown to be a mechanistic correlate of protection for other respiratory viruses, such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, and is generally accepted as a functional biomarker of the in vivo humoral response.
“Though correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection have not yet been determined, measurement of serum neutralizing activity has been shown to be a mechanistic correlate of protection for other respiratory viruses, such as influenza14 and respiratory syncytial virus,15 and is generally accepted as a functional biomarker of the in vivo humoral response.16”
From An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 · Cited by 21,969 · see citing works
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC
Raj, V. S., Mou, H., Smits, S. L., Dekkers, D. H. W., Müller, M. A., Dijkman, R., Muth, D., Demmers, J. A. A., Zaki, A., Fouchier, R. A. M., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12005 · Cited by 2,061 · see citing works
Self-citationMERS-CoV Antibody Responses 1 Year after Symptom Onset, South Korea, 2015
Choe, P. G., Perera, R. A. P. M., Park, W. B., Song, K.-H., Bang, J. H., Kim, E. S., Kim, H. B., Ko, L. W. R., Park, S. W., Kim, N.-J., et al. (2017) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2307.170310 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- [2]Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020; 5: 536– 44; Epub ahead of print. 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z 32123347 PMC7095448 · DOI
- [4]Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DKW, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020; 25: 2000045. 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045 31992387 PMC6988269 · DOI
- [5]Meyer B, Drosten C, Müller MA. Serological assays for emerging coronaviruses: challenges and pitfalls. Virus Res. 2014; 194: 175– 83. 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.018 24670324 PMC7114385 · DOI
- [6]Okba NMA, Raj VS, Widjaja I, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Bruin E, Chandler FD, et al. Sensitive and specific detection of low-level antibody responses in mild Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25: 1868– 77. 10.3201/eid2510.190051 31423970 PMC6759241 · DOI
- [7]Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Schutten M, Rimmelzwaan GF, van Amerongen G, van Riel D, et al. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003; 362: 263– 70. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13967-0 12892955 PMC7112434 · DOI
- [9]Rodon J, Okba NMA, Te N, van Dieren B, Bosch B-J, Bensaid A, et al. Blocking transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019; 8: 1593– 603. 10.1080/22221751.2019.1685912 31711379 PMC6853226 · DOI
- [10]Drosten C, Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, Al-Masri M, Hossain R, et al. Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371: 828– 35. 10.1056/NEJMoa1405858 25162889 · DOI
- [11]Tang F, Quan Y, Xin ZT, Wrammert J, Ma MJ, Lv H, et al. Lack of peripheral memory B cell responses in recovered patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a six-year follow-up study. J Immunol. 2011; 186: 7264– 8. 10.4049/jimmunol.0903490 21576510 · DOI · Paper page
- [13]Alshukairi AN, Khalid I, Ahmed WA, Dada AM, Bayumi DT, Malic LS, et al. Antibody response and disease severity in healthcare worker MERS survivors. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016; 22: 1113– 5. 10.3201/eid2206.160010 27192543 PMC4880093 · DOI
- [14]Hsueh PR, Huang LM, Chen PJ, Kao CL, Yang PC. Chronological evolution of IgM, IgA, IgG and neutralisation antibodies after infection with SARS-associated coronavirus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004; 10: 1062– 6. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01009.x 15606632 PMC7129952 · DOI
- [15]Harvey R, Mattiuzzo G, Hassall M, Sieberg A, Müller MA, Drosten C, et al.; study participants. Study Participants. Comparison of serologic assays for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25: 1878– 83. 10.3201/eid2510.190497 31423969 PMC6759245 · DOI
- [16]Rampling T, Page M, Horby P. International biological reference preparations for epidemic infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25: 205– 11. 10.3201/eid2502.180798 30666925 PMC6346470 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development
Krammer, F. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3 · Cited by 2,098 · see citing works
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007 · Cited by 1,860 · see citing works
Rydyznski Moderbacher, C., Ramirez, S. I., Dan, J. M., Grifoni, A., Hastie, K. M., Weiskopf, D., Belanger, S., Abbott, R. K., Kim, C., Choi, J., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.038 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works
A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans
Amanat, F., Stadlbauer, D., Strohmeier, S., Nguyen, T. H. O., Chromikova, V., McMahon, M., Jiang, K., Arunkumar, G. A., Jurczyszak, D., Polanco, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5 · Cited by 1,769 · see citing works
Mathew, D., Giles, J. R., Baxter, A. E., Oldridge, D. A., Greenplate, A. R., Wu, J. E., Alanio, C., Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., D’Andrea, K., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc8511 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science
Vabret, N., Britton, G. J., Gruber, C., Hegde, S., Kim, J., Kuksin, M., Levantovsky, R., Malle, L., Moreira, A., Park, M. D., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002 · Cited by 1,623 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19
Braun, J., Loyal, L., Frentsch, M., Wendisch, D., Georg, P., Kurth, F., Hippenstiel, S., Dingeldey, M., Kruse, B., Fauchere, F., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
Self-citationSeow, J., Graham, C., Merrick, B., Acors, S., Pickering, S., Steel, K. J. A., Hemmings, O., O’Byrne, A., Kouphou, N., Galao, R. P., et al. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00813-8 · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability
Brouwer, P. J. M., Caniels, T. G., van der Straten, K., Snitselaar, J. L., Aldon, Y., Bangaru, S., Torres, J. L., Okba, N. M. A., Claireaux, M., Kerster, G., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc5902 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
Self-citationIgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2
Sterlin, D., Mathian, A., Miyara, M., Mohr, A., Anna, F., Claër, L., Quentric, P., Fadlallah, J., Devilliers, H., Ghillani, P., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abd2223 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Premkumar, L., Segovia-Chumbez, B., Jadi, R., Martinez, D. R., Raut, R., Markmann, A. J., Cornaby, C., Bartelt, L., Weiss, S., Park, Y., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abc8413 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients
Isho, B., Abe, K. T., Zuo, M., Jamal, A. J., Rathod, B., Wang, J. H., Li, Z., Chao, G., Rojas, O. L., Bang, Y. M., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5511 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model
Rockx, B., Kuiken, T., Herfst, S., Bestebroer, T., Lamers, M. M., Oude Munnink, B. B., de Meulder, D., van Amerongen, G., van den Brand, J., Okba, N. M. A., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb7314 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Self-citationWeiskopf, D., Schmitz, K. S., Raadsen, M. P., Grifoni, A., Okba, N. M. A., Endeman, H., van den Akker, J. P. C., Molenkamp, R., Koopmans, M. P. G., van Gorp, E. C. M., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abd2071 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Kampen, J. J. A., van de Vijver, D. A. M. C., Fraaij, P. L. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lamers, M. M., Okba, N., van den Akker, J. P. C., Endeman, H., Gommers, D. A. M. P. J., Cornelissen, J. J., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20568-4 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Self-citationComprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19
Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., Meng, W., Rosenfeld, A. M., Ittner, C. A. G., Weisman, A. R., Agyekum, R. S., Mathew, D., Baxter, A. E., Vella, L. A., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abd7114 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Immune response, inflammation, and the clinical spectrum of COVID-19
García, L. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01441 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence in santa clara county, california
Bendavid, E., Mulaney, B., Sood, N., Shah, S., Bromley-Dulfano, R., Lai, C., Weissberg, Z., Saavedra-Walker, R., Tedrow, J., Bogan, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab010 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Geers, D., Shamier, M. C., Bogers, S., den Hartog, G., Gommers, L., Nieuwkoop, N. N., Schmitz, K. S., Rijsbergen, L. C., van Osch, J. A. T., Dijkhuizen, E., et al. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid Generation of Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients
Suthar, M. S., Zimmerman, M. G., Kauffman, R. C., Mantus, G., Linderman, S. L., Hudson, W. H., Vanderheiden, A., Nyhoff, L., Davis, C. W., Adekunle, O., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100040 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19
Juno, J. A., Tan, H.-X., Lee, W. S., Reynaldi, A., Kelly, H. G., Wragg, K., Esterbauer, R., Kent, H. E., Batten, C. J., Mordant, F. L., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0995-0 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Seydoux, E., Homad, L. J., MacCamy, A. J., Parks, K. R., Hurlburt, N. K., Jennewein, M. F., Akins, N. R., Stuart, A. B., Wan, Y.-H., Feng, J., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.001 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“Although binding and neutralizing antibody responses are known to develop following SARS-CoV-2 infection (Ni et al., 2020; Okba et al., 2020), no information is currently available on the epitope specificities, clonality, binding affinities, and neutralizing potentials of the antibody response.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPrimary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques
Deng, W., Bao, L., Liu, J., Xiao, C., Liu, J., Xue, J., Lv, Q., Qi, F., Gao, H., Yu, P., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc5343 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
An evaluation of COVID-19 serological assays informs future diagnostics and exposure assessment
GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Okba, N. M. A., Igloi, Z., Bogers, S., Embregts, C. W. E., Laksono, B. M., Leijten, L., Rokx, C., Rijnders, B., Rahamat-Langendoen, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17317-y · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationSeroprevalence of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors
Uyoga, S., Adetifa, I. M. O., Karanja, H. K., Nyagwange, J., Tuju, J., Wanjiku, P., Aman, R., Mwangangi, M., Amoth, P., Kasera, K., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1916 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
A high-throughput neutralizing antibody assay for COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccine evaluation
Muruato, A. E., Fontes-Garfias, C. R., Ren, P., Garcia-Blanco, M. A., Menachery, V. D., Xie, X., & Shi, P.-Y. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17892-0 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Grzelak, L., Temmam, S., Planchais, C., Demeret, C., Tondeur, L., Huon, C., Guivel-Benhassine, F., Staropoli, I., Chazal, M., Dufloo, J., et al. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abc3103 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural basis for the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by an antibody from a convalescent patient
Zhou, D., Duyvesteyn, H. M. E., Chen, C.-P., Huang, C.-G., Chen, T.-H., Shih, S.-R., Lin, Y.-C., Cheng, C.-Y., Cheng, S.-H., Huang, Y.-C., et al. (2020) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-020-0480-y · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Lipsitch, M., Grad, Y. H., Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00460-4 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Thieme, C. J., Anft, M., Paniskaki, K., Blazquez-Navarro, A., Doevelaar, A., Seibert, F. S., Hoelzer, B., Konik, M. J., Berger, M. M., Brenner, T., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100092 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Kutter, J. S., de Meulder, D., Bestebroer, T. M., Lexmond, P., Mulders, A., Richard, M., Fouchier, R. A. M., & Herfst, S. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21918-6 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
den Hartog, G., Schepp, R. M., Kuijer, M., GeurtsvanKessel, C., van Beek, J., Rots, N., Koopmans, M. P. G., van der Klis, F. R. M., & van Binnendijk, R. S. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa479 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationKlimstra, W. B., Tilston-Lunel, N. L., Nambulli, S., Boslett, J., McMillen, C. M., Gilliland, T., Dunn, M. D., Sun, C., Wheeler, S. E., Wells, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001481 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models
Khoury, D. S., Wheatley, A. K., Ramuta, M. D., Reynaldi, A., Cromer, D., Subbarao, K., O’Connor, D. H., Kent, S. J., & Davenport, M. P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00471-1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses are more robust in patients with severe disease
Wang, P., Liu, L., Nair, M. S., Yin, M. T., Luo, Y., Wang, Q., Yuan, T., Mori, K., Solis, A. G., Yamashita, M., et al. (2020) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1823890 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Serologic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital staff with mild disease in eastern France
Fafi-Kremer, S., Bruel, T., Madec, Y., Grant, R., Tondeur, L., Grzelak, L., Staropoli, I., Anna, F., Souque, P., Fernandes-Pellerin, S., et al. (2020) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102915 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Basavaraju, S. V., Patton, M. E., Grimm, K., Rasheed, M. A. U., Lester, S., Mills, L., Stumpf, M., Freeman, B., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1785 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Lafon, E., Diem, G., Witting, C., Zaderer, V., Bellmann-Weiler, R. M., Reindl, M., Bauer, A., Griesmacher, A., Fux, V., Hoermann, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.684014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Recovery from COVID-19 in a B-cell-depleted multiple sclerosis patient
Wurm, H., Attfield, K., Iversen, A. K., Gold, R., Fugger, L., & Haghikia, A. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458520943791 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Graham, C., Seow, J., Huettner, I., Khan, H., Kouphou, N., Acors, S., Winstone, H., Pickering, S., Galao, R. P., Lista, M. J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429355 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Beyond dexamethasone, emerging immuno‐thrombotic therapies for COVID‐19
Jensen, M. P., George, M., Gilroy, D., & Sofat, R. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14540 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wang, C., van Haperen, R., Gutiérrez-Álvarez, J., Li, W., Okba, N. M. A., Albulescu, I., Widjaja, I., van Dieren, B., Fernandez-Delgado, R., Sola, I., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.346916 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Okba, N. M. A., Müller, M. A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C. H., Corman, V. M., Lamers, M. M., Sikkema, R. S., de Bruin, E., Chandler, F. D., Yazdanpanah, Y., Le Hingrat, Q., Descamps, D., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Reusken, C. B. E. M., Bosch, B.-J., Drosten, C., Koopmans, M. P. G., & Haagmans, B. L.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Okba, Nisreen M.A.
- Haagmans, Bart L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1478-1488
- ISSN
- 1080-6040 (ISSN-L)
- 1080-6059
- PMC
- PMC7323511
- OpenAlex
- W3014721277
- Cited by
- 1,614
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 239 · 2021: 542 · 2020: 618 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 49.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Emerging infectious diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations
- European Commission (115760)
- Innovative Medicines Initiative (115760)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, serologic assays, neutralizing antibodies, spike protein antibodies, nucleocapsid antibodies, seroconversion, IgG ELISA, assay sensitivity and specificity, serological diagnosis, seroepidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Testing, Antibodies, Viral, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Neutralization Tests, Pneumonia, Viral, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serologic Tests, Coronavirus Infections, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
