Cited by 110SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchSARS-CoV-2 detection and testingCOVID-19 Clinical Research Studies

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Serologic testing of US blood donations to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-reactive antibodies: December 2019–January 2020

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Basavaraju, Sridhar V, Patton, Monica E, Grimm, Kacie, Rasheed, Mohammed Ata Ur, Lester, Sandra, Mills, Lisa, Stumpf, Megan, Freeman, Brandi, Tamin, Azaibi, Harcourt, Jennifer, Schiffer, Jarad, Semenova, Vera, Li, Han, Alston, Bailey, Ategbole, Muyiwa, Bolcen, Shanna, Boulay, Darbi, Browning, Peter, Cronin, Li, David, Ebenezer, Desai, Rita, Epperson, Monica, Gorantla, Yamini, Jia, Tao, Maniatis, Panagiotis, Moss, Kimberly, Ortiz, Kristina, Park, So Hee, Patel, Palak, Qin, Yunlong, Steward-Clark, Evelene, Tatum, Heather, Vogan, Andrew, Zellner, Briana, Drobeniuc, Jan, Sapiano, Matthew R P, Havers, Fiona, Reed, Carrie, Gerber, Susan, Thornburg, Natalie J, Stramer, Susan L·2021·Clinical Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1093/cid/ciaa1785PMC PMC7799215

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Abstract

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, with subsequent worldwide spread. The first US cases were identified in January 2020. Methods: To determine if SARS-CoV-2–reactive antibodies were present in sera prior to the first identified case in the United States on 19 January 2020, residual archived samples from 7389 routine blood donations collected by the American Red Cross from 13 December 2019 to 17 January 2020 from donors resident in 9 states (California, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin) were tested at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Specimens reactive by pan-immunoglobulin (pan-Ig) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the full spike protein were tested by IgG and IgM ELISAs, microneutralization test, Ortho total Ig S1 ELISA, and receptor-binding domain/ACE2 blocking activity assay. Results: Of the 7389 samples, 106 were reactive by pan-Ig. Of these 106 specimens, 90 were available for further testing. Eighty-four of 90 had neutralizing activity, 1 had S1 binding activity, and 1 had receptor-binding domain/ACE2 blocking activity >50%, suggesting the presence of anti–SARS-CoV-2–reactive antibodies. Donations with reactivity occurred in all 9 states. Conclusions: These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may have been introduced into the United States prior to 19 January 2020.

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Authors: Basavaraju, S. V., Patton, M. E., Grimm, K., Rasheed, M. A. U., Lester, S., Mills, L., Stumpf, M., Freeman, B., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J., Schiffer, J., Semenova, V., Li, H., Alston, B., Ategbole, M., Bolcen, S., Boulay, D., Browning, P., Cronin, L., David, E., Desai, R., Epperson, M., Gorantla, Y., Jia, T., Maniatis, P., Moss, K., Ortiz, K., Park, S. H., Patel, P., Qin, Y., Steward-Clark, E., Tatum, H., Vogan, A., Zellner, B., Drobeniuc, J., Sapiano, M. R. P., Havers, F., Reed, C., Gerber, S., Thornburg, N. J., & Stramer, S. L.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
American Red Cross (US)
Synergy America (United States) (US)
Eagle Global Scientific, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
IHRC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
CFD Research Corporation (United States) (US)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (US)
Corresponding author: Thornburg, Natalie J
ORCID: Basavaraju, Sridhar V
Patton, Monica E
Lester, Sandra
Mills, Lisa
Stumpf, Megan
Freeman, Brandi
Tamin, Azaibi
Harcourt, Jennifer
Schiffer, Jarad
Semenova, Vera
Li, Han
Alston, Bailey
Bolcen, Shanna
Epperson, Monica
Maniatis, Panagiotis
Ortiz, Kristina
Patel, Palak
Drobeniuc, Jan
Havers, Fiona
Reed, Carrie
Gerber, Susan
Thornburg, Natalie J
Stramer, Susan L
Venue: Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2020-11-30
Volume: 72
Issue: 12
Pages: e1004-e1009
ISSN: 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
1537-6591
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1785
PMC: PMC7799215
OpenAlex: W3108003003
Cited by: 110
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 3.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
Locations: Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: US government work
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, blood donation, pre-existing antibodies, serological surveillance, blood donor screening, neutralizing antibodies
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Antibodies, Viral, Blood Donors, China, Connecticut, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, Wisconsin, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

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Serologic testing of US blood donations to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-reactive antibodies: December 2019–January 2020

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