An update: salivary hormones and physical exercise
Abstract
Saliva contains cells and compounds, of local and non‐local oral origin, namely inorganic, organic non‐protein, protein/polypeptide, and lipid molecules. Moreover, some hormones, commonly assayed in plasma, such as steroids, are detectable in oral fluid and peptide/protein, and non‐steroid hormones have been investigated. The sports practice environment and athletes' availability, together with hormone molecule characteristics in saliva and physical exercise behavior effects, confirm this body fluid as an alternative to serum. This review focuses on the relation between salivary steroids and psycho‐physiological stress and underlines how the measurement of salivary cortisol provides an approach of self‐report psychological indicator and anxiety change in relation to exercise performance. The correlation between salivary and plasma steroid hormone (cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) levels, observed during exercise, has been considered, underlining how the type, duration, and intensity of the exercise influence the salivary steroid concentrations in the same way as serum‐level variations. Training conditions have been considered in relation to the salivary hormonal response. This review focuses on studies related to salivary hormone measurements, mainly steroids, in physical exercise. Saliva use in physical disciplines, as a real alternative to serum, could be a future perspective.
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Several saliva biomarkers (e.g., drug, hormones, metabolites or antibodies) have been used in clinical settings as they offer meaningful diagnostic information.
“Several of these saliva biomarkers (e.g., drug, hormones, metabolites or antibodies) have been used in clinical settings as they offer meaningful diagnostic information140-144.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [143]
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Mckune, A. J., Bach, C. W., Semple, S. J., & Dyer, B. J. (2014) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22605 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gatti, R., & De Palo, E. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- ORCID
- Gatti, R.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-12-03
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-169
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W1885589366
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- salivary hormones, salivary cortisol, salivary steroids, physical activity, exercise stress, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, exercise performance, anxiety, training conditions, non-invasive biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Hormones, Humans, Saliva, Steroids, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Exercise
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