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Increased Velocity Exercise Specific to Task Training Versus the National Institute on Aging's Strength Training Program: Changes in Limb Power and Mobility
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BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the benefits of InVEST (Increased Velocity Specific to Task) training on limb power and mobility among mobility-limited older adults. METHODS: We conducted a single blinded, randomized controlled trial among 138 mobility-limited community-dwelling older adults, evaluating two 16-week supervised exercise programs. The intervention group participated in InVEST training, and the control group participated in the National Institute on Aging's (NIA) strength training program. Primary outcomes were changes in limb power per kilogram and mobility performance as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTS: After 16 weeks, InVEST produced significantly greater improvements in limb power than NIA (p=.02). There was no significant difference in strength improvements. Both groups had significant changes in SPPB of greater than 1 unit. Self-reported function was also significantly improved in both groups. Differences between groups were not statistically different. In a post hoc analysis when participants were categorized by the manifestation of baseline leg velocity impairments (N=68), InVEST training produced effect size differences in SPPB that were clinically meaningful (SPPB Group x Time difference 0.73 units, p=.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among mobility-limited older adults, both NIA and InVEST produce robust changes in observed physical performance and self-reported function. These improvements were not meaningfully different by statistical or clinical criteria. Compared with NIA, InVEST training produced greater improvements in limb power and equivalent improvements in strength. Observed differences between NIA and InVEST based upon baseline leg impairment status are informative for futures studies.
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“Furthermore, previous analyses included studies with multiple cointerventions across groups. For example, the largest study used standing functional exercises for PT, and the control group used seated exercises.20”
From Comparison of Power Training vs Traditional Strength Training on Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
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“The effects appeared even larger than after strength training and endurance training [3, 4, 7, 8, 17–20].”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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“However, SB compliance appeared low overall compared to a previous study of the same intervention in adults (21, 47) and other studies with elders (66).”
From Effectiveness of a Disability Preventive Intervention for Minority and Immigrant Elders: The Positive Minds-Strong Bodies Randomized Clinical Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
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“Power training consequently also improved physical functioning in daily life.”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Compared to muscle strength, leg power consistently explained a greater proportion of the variance (2–8%) on all measures of physical performance (stair climb and chair stand performance, gait speed and the SPPB) assessed in these mobility-limited participants.”
From Skeletal Muscle Power: A Critical Determinant of Physical Functioning in Older Adults (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Five studies were considered to have ‘good’ internal validity [3, 30, 33, 35, 38], 8 studies were classified as ‘poor’ to ‘fair’ [4, 5, 9, 29, 31, 32, 37, 39], and 1 study was classified as having ‘poor’ interal validity [7].”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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Self-citationThe Live Long Walk Strong Rehabilitation Program Study: Design and Methods
Harris, R., Brach, J. S., Moye, J. A., Ogawa, E. F., Ward, R. E., Halasz, I., & Bean, J. F. (2022) · Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation · doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100205 · Cited by 11
Self-citationHowe, T. E., & Skelton, D. A. (2011) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afr082 · Cited by 11
Morrison, R. T., Taylor, S., Buckley, J., Twist, C., & Kite, C. (2023) · Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2023.05.018 · Cited by 11
“For detection bias, most trials (k = 13, 62%) were judged as high risk and seven trials (33%) as low risk.(60,69,71,75,77,80,86) All trials were judged to have an unclear risk of reporting bias.”
BackgroundA Practice Guide for Physical Therapists Prescribing Physical Exercise for Older Adults
Baptista, F., Andias, R., Rocha, N. P., & Silva, A. G. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2023-0283 · Cited by 15
Prevett, C., Moncion, K., Phillips, S. M., Richardson, J. A., & Tang, A. (2022) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.04.002 · Cited by 11
Pantoja, M. C., López-Mendoza, M., & Mayta‐Tristán, P. (2014) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2014.05.010 · Cited by 10
Romo-Pérez, V., Schwingel, A., & Chodzko-Zajko, W. J. (2011) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.4100/jhse.2011.64.07 · Cited by 11
TARGETED RESISTANCE TRAINING TO IMPROVE INDEPENDENCE AND REDUCE FALL RISK IN OLDER CLIENTS
Signorile, J. F. (2016) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000238 · Cited by 10
Neuromechanics of repeated stepping with external loading in young and older women
Mair, J. L., Laudani, L., Vannozzi, G., VITO, G. D., Boreham, C. A., & Macaluso, A. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2826-9 · Cited by 9
Roseen, E. J., Ward, R. E., Keysor, J. J., Atlas, S. J., Leveille, S. G., & Bean, J. F. (2020) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12336 · Cited by 8
Self-citationTargeted Exercise Training to Optimize Leg Power, Leg Speed, and Mobility in Older Adults
Bean, J. F., Beauchamp, M. K., & Ni, M. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14397 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPardasaney, P. K., Ni, P., Slavin, M. D., Latham, N. K., WAGENAAR, R. C., Bean, J. F., & Jette, A. M. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.03.013 · Cited by 6
Self-citationRhim, H. C., Ward, R. E., Travison, T. G., Latham, N. K., & Bean, J. F. (2023) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.09.010 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPower Training in Older Adults With Hip Osteoarthritis and Total Hip Arthroplasty
Chui, K. K., Tudini, F. T., Corkery, M. B., & Yen, S. (2021) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0000000000000300 · Cited by 4
Validity of an Exercise Test Based on Habitual Gait Speed in Mobility-Limited Older Adults
Li, X., Forman, D. E., Kiely, D. K., LaRose, S. I., Hirschberg, R. E., Frontera, W. R., & Bean, J. F. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.032 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSklivas, A. B., Robinson, L., Uhl, T. L., Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E., & Mayer, K. P. (2022) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15339 · Cited by 6
Reid, K. F., Storer, T. W., & Bhasin, S. (2023) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18293 · Cited by 4
Leyva, A., Balachandran, A. T., Britton, J. C., Eltoukhy, M. A., Kuenze, C. M., Myers, N. D., & Signorile, J. F. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.002 · Cited by 3
New Strategies to Fight against Sarcopenia at Old Age
Meynial‐Denis, D., Guérin, O., Schneider, S. M., Volkert, D., & Sieber, C. C. (2012) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2012/676042 · Cited by 5
el Hadouchi, M., Kiers, H., Veenhof, C., & van Dieën, J. H. (2025) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s511954 · Cited by 2
Polo-Ferrero, L., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Martín-Vallejo, J., Puente-González, A. S., Sánchez-Sánchez, M. C., Iglesias, F. J. B., & Sánchez, R. M. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaf211 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Bean, J. F., Kiely, D. K., LaRose, S., O'Neill, E., Goldstein, R., & Frontera, W. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Hebrew SeniorLife (US)
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (US)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-05-04
- Volume
- 64A
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 983-991
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- PMC
- PMC2720885
- OpenAlex
- W2165515391
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 26.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K23AG019663)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- resistance training, older adults, muscle strength, mobility (physical function), Short Physical Performance Battery, exercise intervention, self-reported function
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Exercise Therapy, Extremities, Female, Humans, Locomotion, Male, Exercise, Single-Blind Method, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training
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