Carbon-based archiving: current progress and future prospects of DNA-based data storage.
Open accessAbstract
The information explosion has led to a rapid increase in the amount of data requiring physical storage. However, in the near future, existing storage methods (i.e., magnetic and optical media) will be insufficient to store these exponentially growing data. Therefore, data scientists are continually looking for better, more stable, and space-efficient alternatives to store these huge datasets. Because of its unique biological properties, highly condensed DNA has great potential to become a storage material for the future. Indeed, DNA-based data storage has recently emerged as a promising approach for long-term digital information storage. This review summarizes state-of-the-art methods, including digital-to-DNA coding schemes and the media types used in DNA-based data storage, and provides an overview of recent progress achieved in this field and its exciting future.
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Cost, especially synthesis cost, is one of the key obstacles for practical data storage in DNA.
“While previous studies achieved substantial progress on data scale, stability, random access and copy free, etc., the cost, especially the synthesis cost, emerged as one of the key obstacles for practical data storage in DNA (Ceze et al., 2019; Ping et al., 2019).”
From Large-Scale de Novo Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Whole-Genome Synthesis and Data Storage: Challenges and Opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as Ping et al., 2019
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PERFECT PCR: Advancing DNA Data Storage to Near-Maximal DensityPreprint
Sabnis, R., Zhang, H., Li, B., Han, A., de Figueiredo, P., & Sun, Q. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694532
Franceschi, I. D., Hosseinabadi, S. R., Rutgeerts, L. A. J., Swarna, S. R., Bozorgmehr, Z., Koeckelberghs, G., Badi, N., Vankelecom, I. F. J., & Prez, F. D. (2026) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.6c00201
Bio-inspired approaches to in vivo DNA data storage systems
Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wan, S., Su, J., Zhang, H., Wang, F., & Liu, K. (2026) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d6mh00728g
Shield, Repair, Reconstruct: An Integrated Framework for Long-Term DNA Data Storage
Liu, L., Wu, J., Huang, Y., Wang, M., He, B., Song, L., & Sun, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9450-4_10
- Authors
- Ping, Z., Ma, D., Huang, X., Chen, S., Liu, L., Guo, F., Zhu, S. J., & Shen, Y.
- Affiliations
- BGI Group (China) (CN)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Sha Joe
- Shen, Yue
- Venue
- GigaScience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-06-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 2047-217X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6586197
- OpenAlex
- W2950008143
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- GigaScience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics (2017B090904014)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write (2017B030301011)
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostics (DRC-SZ[2016]884)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Biological Computing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Algorithms and Data Compression
- Keywords
- DNA data storage, data storage capacity
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Information Storage and Retrieval
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