Large-scale de novo DNA synthesis: technologies and applications
Open accessAbstract
For over 60 years, the synthetic production of new DNA sequences has helped researchers understand and engineer biology. Here we summarize methods and caveats for the de novo synthesis of DNA, with particular emphasis on recent technologies that allow for large-scale and low-cost production. In addition, we discuss emerging applications enabled by large-scale de novo DNA constructs, as well as the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
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The costs of microchip-based oligo synthesis are 2-4 orders of magnitude cheaper than column-based oligo synthesis.
“In general, the costs of microchip-based oligo synthesis are 2–4 orders of magnitude cheaper than the column-based oligo synthesis.”
From Large-Scale de Novo Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Whole-Genome Synthesis and Data Storage: Challenges and Opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as Kosuri and Church, 2014
Microchip-based oligo synthesis provides an inexpensive source of oligo building blocks for various applications.
“This microchip-based (also called ‘microarray-based’) large-scale oligo synthesis technologies, provides an inexpensive source of oligo building blocks for various applications”
From Large-Scale de Novo Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Whole-Genome Synthesis and Data Storage: Challenges and Opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as Kosuri and Church, 2014
Microchip-based oligo synthesis has enabled high-fidelity synthesis of oligo pools ∼300-mer after procedure optimization.
“Although microchip-based oligo synthesis is more prone to errors due to the heterogeneity and edge effects of the microchip, it has enabled high-fidelity synthesis of oligo pools ∼300-mer after procedure optimization”
From Large-Scale de Novo Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Whole-Genome Synthesis and Data Storage: Challenges and Opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as Kosuri and Church, 2014
The cost per nucleotide for microchip-based oligo synthesis is between $0.00001 and 0.001.
“The cost per nucleotide is between $0.00001 and 0.001”
From Large-Scale de Novo Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Whole-Genome Synthesis and Data Storage: Challenges and Opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as Kosuri and Church, 2014
The solid-phase phosphoramidite method has been the primary choice for most commercial oligo synthesizers in the past few decades.
“In the past few decades, the solid-phase phosphoramidite method has been the primary choice for most commercial oligo synthesizers”
From Large-Scale de Novo Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Whole-Genome Synthesis and Data Storage: Challenges and Opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as Kosuri and Church, 2014
Both chemical and enzymatic DNA syntheses are severely limited by the low speed of these processes.
“Both chemical and enzymatic syntheses are severely limited by the low speed of these processes.29,39”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Recent progress in nucleic acid synthesis and sequencing continues to reduce the cost of writing and reading DNA, foreshadowing future commercially competitive DNA-based information storage.
“Recent progress in nucleic acid synthesis and sequencing technologies continue to reduce the cost of writing and reading DNA, foreshadowing future commercially competitive DNA-based information storage1,3–5.”
From Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Next-generation sequencing methods enable reading individual molecules and thus using DNA as a source of random number generation.
“Nowadays, next-generation sequencing methods offer remarkable throughput18–20 and enable us to read individual molecules and thus use DNA as a source of random number generation.”
From DNA synthesis for true random number generation (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Kosuri, S., & Church, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kosuri, Sriram
- Venue
- Nature Methods
- Published
- 2014-04-29
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 499-507
- ISSN
- 1548-7091 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-7105
- PMC
- PMC7098426
- OpenAlex
- W2029583307
- Cited by
- 869
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- de novo DNA synthesis, oligonucleotide synthesis, gene assembly, error correction, synthetic biology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Automation, DNA, Genetic Engineering, Humans, Molecular Biology, Oligonucleotides, Polymers, Protein Engineering, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Computational Biology, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Mice, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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