The Mediterranean diets: what is so special about the diet of Greece? The scientific evidence
Open accessAbstract
The term "Mediterranean diet," implying that all Mediterranean people have the same diet, is a misnomer. The countries around the Mediterranean basin have different diets, religions and cultures. Their diets differ in the amount of total fat, olive oil, type of meat and wine intake; milk vs. cheese; fruits and vegetables; and the rates of coronary heart disease and cancer, with the lower death rates and longer life expectancy occurring in Greece. Extensive studies on the traditional diet of Greece (the diet before 1960) indicate that the dietary pattern of Greeks consists of a high intake of fruits, vegetables (particularly wild plants), nuts and cereals mostly in the form of sourdough bread rather than pasta; more olive oil and olives; less milk but more cheese; more fish; less meat; and moderate amounts of wine, more so than other Mediterranean countries. Analyses of the dietary pattern of the diet of Crete shows a number of protective substances, such as selenium, glutathione, a balanced ratio of (n-6):(n-3) essential fatty acids (EFA), high amounts of fiber, antioxidants (especially resveratrol from wine and polyphenols from olive oil), vitamins E and C, some of which have been shown to be associated with lower risk of cancer, including cancer of the breast. These findings should serve as a strong incentive for the initiation of intervention trials that will test the effect of specific dietary patterns in the prevention and management of patients with cancer.
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The Seven Countries Study found lower rates of CVD and cancer with the traditional Mediterranean diet, despite 37% of total daily energy coming from fat, versus only 11% in the traditional Japanese diet.
“In contrast to the high-nitrate diet of Japan, the Seven Countries Study[378] found lower rates of CVD and cancer with the traditional Mediterranean diet, despite 37% of total daily energy coming from fat, versus only 11% in the traditional Japanese diet[378,379].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [379]
Further work has identified associations in both diets with high content of alpha linoleic acids (ALA), estimated to make up approximately 24% of total energy intake along with oleic acid in the traditional Mediterranean diet.
“Further work has since identified associations in both diets with high content of alpha linoleic acids (ALA), estimated to make up approximately 24% of total energy intake along with oleic acid in the traditional Mediterranean diet[379–381].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [379]
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Some Effects of ?3 Fatty Acids on Coronary Heart Disease1
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Genetic Control of Response to Dietary Fat and Cholestrol
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Battlefield for the Tobacco War
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Self-citationThe Hippocratic Concept of Positive Health in the 5th Century BC and in the New Millennium
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Self-citationThe Hippocratic Concept of Positive Health in the 5th Century BC and in the New Millennium
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Self-citationDiurnal Variation of Glutathione Levels in Tomato Seedlings
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Self-citationEvolutionary aspects of nutrition and health diet, exercise, genetics and chronic disease
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- Authors
- Simopoulos, A. P.
- Corresponding author
- Simopoulos, Artemis P.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3065S-3073S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1958270933
- Cited by
- 473
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- General Mills
- California Dried Plum Board
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- Mediterranean diet, Greek diet, traditional diet, olive oil, wine consumption, dietary habits, cancer prevention, coronary artery disease, dietary fiber, antioxidants, resveratrol, polyphenols, essential fatty acids, selenium, glutathione, breast cancer, Crete, sourdough bread
- MeSH terms
- Olive Oil, Animals, Antioxidants, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cultural Characteristics, Diet, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Feeding Behavior, Fruit, Greece, Humans, Life Expectancy, Life Style, Neoplasms, Plant Oils, Risk Factors, Vegetables, Mediterranean Region
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