Prospective Study of Sex Hormone Levels and Risk of Prostate Cancer
Abstract
Background Sex steroids, particularly androgens, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Data from previous studies comparing circulating hormone levels in men with and without prostate cancer are difficult to interpret, since the studies were limited in size, hormone levels were analyzed in blood drawn after the diagnosis of cancer, nonrepresentative control subjects were used, and hormone and hormone-binding protein levels were not simultaneously adjusted. Purpose We conducted a prospective, nested case-control study to investigate whether plasma hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in healthy men were related to the subsequent development of prostate cancer. Methods Among participants in the Physicians' Health Study who provided plasma samples in 1982, we identified 222 men who developed prostate cancer by March 1992. Three hundred ninety control subjects, matched to the case patients on the bases of age, smoking status, and length of follow-up, were also identified. Immunoassays were used to measure the levels of total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3 alpha-androstanediol glucuronide (AAG), estradiol, SHBG, and prolactin in the stored (at -82 degrees C) plasma samples. Correlations between individual hormone levels and between hormone levels and SHBG in the plasma of control subjects were assessed by use of Spearman correlation coefficients (r). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) specifying the prostate ca…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The study applied Phase I morning sampling weights to account for the complex NHANES sampling design, including unequal probabilities of selection, over-sampling, and non-response.
“In all analyses, we applied the Phase I morning sampling weights to account for the complex NHANES sampling design, including unequal probabilities of selection, over-sampling, and non-response [34].”
From Association of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity with sex steroid hormone levels in US men (2009) · cites this paper as [34]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Feldman, H. A., Longcope, C., Derby, C. A., Johannes, C. B., Araujo, A. B., Coviello, A. D., Bremner, W. J., & McKinlay, J. B. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.2.8201 · Cited by 1,861 · see citing works
Self-citationTestosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
Bhasin, S., Brito, J. P., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Hodis, H. N., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., Wu, F. C., & Yialamas, M. A. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00229 · Cited by 1,736 · see citing works
Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Ray, T. R., Choi, J., Bandodkar, A. J., Krishnan, S., Gutruf, P., Tian, L., Ghaffari, R., & Rogers, J. A. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00573 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Henderson, B. E., & Feigelson, H. S. (2000) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/21.3.427 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring.
Rhoden, E. L., & Morgentaler, A. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra022251 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden)
Wolk, A., Gridley, G., Svensson, M., Nyrén, O., McLaughlin, J. K., Fraumeni, J. F., & Adami, H.-O. (2001) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008995217664 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Inoue, M. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.17.1871 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus and the risk of prostate cancer
Kasper, J. S., & Giovannucci, E. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0410 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Andropause: clinical implications of the decline in serum testosterone levels with aging in men
Matsumoto, A. M. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.2.m76 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Kenny, A. M., Prestwood, K. M., Gruman, C. A., Marcello, K. M., & Raisz, L. G. (2001) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/56.5.m266 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Physical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms
McTiernan, A., Ulrich, C., Slate, S., & Potter, J. (1998) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008853601471 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
on behalf of the Diabetes and Cancer Research Consortium, Carstensen, B., Read, S. H., Friis, S., Sund, R., Keskimäki, I., Svensson, A.-M., Ljung, R., Wild, S. H., Kerssens, J. J., et al. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3884-9 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Shiels, M. S., Rohrmann, S., Menke, A., Selvin, E., Crespo, C. J., Rifai, N., Dobs, A., Feinleib, M., Guallar, E., & Platz, E. A. (2009) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9318-y · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Rohrmann, S., Nelson, W. G., Rifai, N., Brown, T. R., Dobs, A., Kanarek, N., Yager, J. D., & Platz, E. A. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0028 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Serum androgen levels in black, Hispanic, and white men
Litman, H. J., Bhasin, S., Link, C. L., Araujo, A. B., & McKinlay, J. B. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0037 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Andropause: is androgen replacement therapy indicated for the aging male?
Hijazi, R. A., & Cunningham, G. R. (2005) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.082103.104518 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cai, H., Xu, Z., Xu, T., Yu, B., & Zou, Q. (2015) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2582 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Juul, A. (2002) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/8.5.423 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Dillingham, B. L., McVeigh, B. L., Lampe, J. W., & Duncan, A. M. (2005) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.3.584 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kalogera, E., Pistos, C., Provatopoulou, X., Athanaselis, S., Spiliopoulou, C., & Gounaris, A. (2013) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.022 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
McMullen, M. H., Hamilton-Reeves, J. M., Bonorden, M. J. L., Wangen, K. E., Phipps, W. R., Feirtag, J. M., & Kurzer, M. S. (2006) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2006.12.887 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gann, P. H., Hennekens, C. H., Ma, J., Longcope, C., & Stampfer, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gann, P. H.
- Venue
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-08-21
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1118-1126
- ISSN
- 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2105
- OpenAlex
- W2116544030
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 24.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-34595, HL 26490, R01HL034595)
- National Cancer Institute (CA 34944)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- prostate cancer, sex hormones, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, prolactin, androgens, hormone levels, cancer risk, Physicians' Health Study, hormone binding proteins, hormone crosstalk, healthy men, hormone replacement therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Estradiol, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prolactin, Prospective Studies, Prostatic Neoplasms, Risk, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Androstane-3,17-diol, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
