Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry
Open accessAbstract
Background: Climate change is not only increasing ambient temperature but also accelerating the frequency, duration and intensity of extreme weather and climate events, such as heavy precipitation and droughts, and causing sea level rise, which can lead to population displacement. Climate change-related reductions in land productivity and habitability and in food and water security can also interact with demographic, economic and social factors to increase migration. In addition to migration, climate change has also implications for travel and the risk of disease. This article discusses the impact of climate change on migration and travel with implications for public health practice. Methods: Literature review. Results: Migrants may be at increased risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases, due to factors in their country of origin and their country of destination or conditions that they experience during migration. Although migration has not been a significant driver of communicable disease outbreaks to date, public health authorities need to ensure that effective screening and vaccination programmes for priority communicable diseases are in place. Population growth coupled with socio-economic development is increasing travel and tourism, and advances in technology have increased global connectivity and reduced the time required to cover long distances. At the same time, as a result of climate change, many temperate regions, including high-income countries, are now suitable for vector-borne disease transmission. This is providing opportunities for importation of vectors and pathogens from endemic areas that can lead to cases or outbreaks of communicable diseases with which health professionals may be unfamiliar. Conclusion: Health systems need to be prepared for the potential population health consequences of migration, travel and tourism and the impact of climate change on these. Integrated surveillance, early detection of cases and other public health interventions are critical to protect population health and prevent and control communicabledisease outbreaks.
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Migrants may bring diseases and conditions not common in receiving areas, or may encounter new diseases themselves.
“because migrants may bring diseases and conditions not common in receiving areas-or may encounter new diseases themselves”
From Climate related migration and displacement. (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Semenza, J. C., & Ebi, K. L.
- Affiliations
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (SE)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Semenza, Jan C
- Venue
- Journal of Travel Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- ISSN
- 1195-1982 (ISSN-L)
- 1708-8305
- PMC
- PMC7107585
- OpenAlex
- W2947805021
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Travel Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Travel-related health issues
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
- Keywords
- climate change, migration, travel, tourism, climate change and health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, vector-borne diseases, disease importation, population displacement, disease surveillance, immunization programs, public health preparedness
- MeSH terms
- Communicable Diseases, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Public Health, Travel, Climate Change, Human Migration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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