The XMM–Newton view of the central degrees of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
The deepest XMM-Newton mosaic map of the central 1.5 deg of the Galaxy is presented, including a total of about 1.5 Ms of EPIC-pn cleaned exposures in the central 15" and about 200 ks outside. This compendium presents broad-band X-ray continuum maps, soft X-ray intensity maps, a decomposition into spectral components and a comparison of the X-ray maps with emission at other wavelengths. Newly-discovered extended features, such as supernova remnants (SNRs), superbubbles and X-ray filaments are reported. We provide an atlas of extended features within +-1 degree of Sgr A*. We discover the presence of a coherent X-ray emitting region peaking around G0.1-0.1 and surrounded by the ring of cold, mid-IR-emitting material known from previous work as the "Radio Arc Bubble" and with the addition of the X-ray data now appears to be a candidate superbubble. Sgr A's bipolar lobes show sharp edges, suggesting that they could be the remnant, collimated by the circumnuclear disc, of a SN explosion that created the recently discovered magnetar, SGR J1745-2900. Soft X-ray features, most probably from SNRs, are observed to fill holes in the dust distribution, and to indicate a direct interaction between SN explosions and Galactic center (GC) molecular clouds. We also discover warm plasma at high Galactic latitude, showing a sharp edge to its distribution that correlates with the location of known radio/mid-IR features such as the "GC Lobe". These features might be associated with an inhomogeneous hot "atmosphere" over the GC, perhaps fed by continuous or episodic outflows of mass and energy from the GC region.
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The presence of a ~30 pc radio bubble and X-ray emission around the Quintuplet super-cluster system provides an example of how the 450-pc radio bubbles could be powered by star-forming regions in the disk.
“The presence of a ∼ 30 pc radio bubble and x-ray emission around the Quintuplet super-cluster system, east of the Sgr A ∗ , provides an example of how the 450-pc radio bubbles could be powered by star-forming regions in the disk (Yusef-Zadeh & Morris 1987; Sofue 2003; Ponti et al. 2015).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2015
Based on approximately 15 X-ray and radio SNRs, Ponti et al. (2015) estimated an SFR of ~0.04-0.15 M⊙/yr.
“Based on approximately 15 X-ray and radio SNRs, Ponti et al. (2015) estimated an SFR of ∼ 0 . 04 -0 . 15 M ⊙ yr -1 .”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Ponti et al. 2015
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The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: The X-ray point-source catalogue
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Galactic and Intergalactic Magnetic Fields
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Self-citationOrigin of the Hard X-ray Emission from the Galactic Plane
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A Chandra Catalog of X‐Ray Sources in the Central 150 pc of the Galaxy
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The Nature of the Faraday Screen Toward the Galactic Center Nonthermal Filament G359.54+0.18
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HST/NICMOS Paschen-α Survey of the Galactic Centre: Overview
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Self-citationA STRONGLY MAGNETIZED PULSAR WITHIN THE GRASP OF THE MILKY WAY'S SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
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The INTEGRAL Galactic bulge monitoring program: the first 1.5 years
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PROPERTIES OF THE REMNANT CLOCKWISE DISK OF YOUNG STARS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
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Self-citationThe deepXMM-NewtonSurvey of M 31
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Self-citationInterstellar magnetic fields in the Galactic center region
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K-Shell Line Distribution of Heavy Elements along the Galactic Plane Observed with Suzaku
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A Remarkable Low‐Mass X‐Ray Binary within 0.1 Parsecs of the Galactic Center
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Self-citationNuSTARDETECTION OF HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY EMISSION AND RAPID VARIABILITY FROM SAGITTARIUS A⋆FLARES
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Self-citationDiscovery of Variable Iron Fluorescence from Reflection Nebulae in the Galactic Center
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“…of studying the propagation of echoes of the past GC activity within the CMZ (Sunyaev et al. 1993; Koyama et al. 1996; 2008; Revnivtsev et al. 2004; Muno et al. 2007; Inui et al. 2009; Ponti et al. 2010; 2013; Terrier et al. 2010; Nobukawa et al. 2011; Capelli et al. 2011; 2012; Clavel et al.…”
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Traces of Past Activity in the Galactic Centre
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Self-citationA Persistent High‐Energy Flux from the Heart of the Milky Way:INTEGRAL’s View of the Galactic Center
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Self-citationASCA observation of X-ray emission from the Galactic ridge
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ON THE TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE OF THE GALACTIC CENTER CLOUD G0.253+0.016
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Supernova Blast Waves in Low‐Density Hot Media: A Mechanism for Spatially Distributed Heating
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Galactic center research: manifestations of the central black hole
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Self-citationUnusual threads of radio emission near the galactic center
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Self-citationA new symmetrical polarization structure near the galactic centre
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Origin of the galactic Centre lobes
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“This opens the exciting possibility that the observed high-latitude enhanced X-ray emission from the GC ”atmosphere” is indeed the warm plasma filling the GCL. Based on the spectral fit, we deduce a density of ne = 0.06 cm−3 inside the GCL. Assuming uniform physical conditions inside the GCL (a cylinder of 45 pc radiu…”
BackgroundInfluentialX-Ray Echo from the Sagittarius C Complex and 500-year Activity History of Sagittarius A*
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The Galactic Center: a Window to the Nuclear Environment of Disk Galaxies
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Self-citationA Survey of Hydroxyl toward Supernova Remnants: Evidence for Extended 1720 MHz Maser Emission
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A four-year baselineSwiftstudy of enigmatic X-ray transients located near the Galactic center
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SpitzerIRS Observations of the Galactic Center: Shocked Gas in the Radio Arc Bubble
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Repeated X‐Ray Flaring Activity in Sagittarius A*
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Self-citationX-Ray Spectrum of a Peculiar Supernova Remnant, G 359.1-0.5
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TheXMM-Newtonsurvey of the Small Magellanic Cloud
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Self-citationConcurrent X-ray, near-infrared, sub-millimeter, and GeV gamma-ray observations of Sagittarius A*
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Self-citationCharacteristics of Diffuse X‐Ray Line Emission within 20 Parsecs of the Galactic Center
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Self-citationMuno, M. P., Baganoff, F. K., Brandt, W. N., Morris, M., & Starck, J. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521641 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationTatischeff, V., Decourchelle, A., & Maurin, G. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219016 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Orbital In-spiral into a Massive Black Hole in a Galactic Center
Tal Alexander, A., & Hopman, C. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/376672 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
X‐Ray Observations of Stellar Clusters Near the Galactic Center
Law, C. J., & Yusef‐Zadeh, F. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/422307 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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XMM-Newton spectral analysis of the Pulsar Wind Nebula within the composite SNR G0.9+0.1
Porquet, D., Decourchelle, A., & Warwick, R. S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021670 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationSUPERNOVA EJECTA IN THE YOUNGEST GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANT G1.9+0.3
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The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: The X-ray point-source catalogue?Preprint
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[ITAL]Chandra[/ITAL] Observations of the Pulsar Wind Nebula in Supernova Remnant G0.9+0.1
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A Candidate Neutron Star Associated with Galactic Center Supernova Remnant Sagittarius A East
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Self-citationNuSTARSTUDY OF HARD X-RAY MORPHOLOGY AND SPECTROSCOPY OF PWN G21.5–0.9
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Self-citationAFGL 5376: A strong, large-scale shock near the Galactic center
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Self-citationThe X-ray outburst of the Galactic Centre magnetar SGR J1745−2900 during the first 1.5 year
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Unusual X-ray transients in the Galactic Centre
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Self-citationThe northern extension of the radio arc near the Galactic center
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Self-citationInterstellar magnetic fields in the Galactic center region
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A Time-Variable X-Ray Echo: Indications of a Past Flare of the Galactic-Center Black Hole
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An X-Ray Face-On View of the Sagittarius B Molecular Clouds Observed with Suzaku
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THE CHANDRA ACIS SURVEY OF M33 (ChASeM33): THE FINAL SOURCE CATALOG
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Radio Observations of the Galactic Center Region
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Large scale ionization of the Radio Arc region by the Quintuplet and the Arches clusters
Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J., Martín-Pintado, J., & de Vicente, P. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010981 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tanaka, K., Kamegai, K., Nagai, M., & Oka, T. (2007) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/59.2.323 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
TheChandraDetection of Galactic Center X-Ray Features G359.89-0.08 and G359.54+0.18
Lu, F. J., Wang, Q. D., & Lang, C. (2003) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/375754 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
X‐Ray Thread G0.13−0.11: A Pulsar Wind Nebula?
Wang, Q. D., Lu, F., & Lang, C. C. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344401 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Habibi, M., Stolte, A., & Harfst, S. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Traces of past activity in the galactic centre
Ponti, G., Morris, M., Terrier, R., & Goldwurm, A. (2013) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationCapelli, R., Warwick, R., Porquet, D., Gillessen, S., & Predehl, P. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219544 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSupernova remnant evolution in uniform and non-uniform media
Ferreira, S. E. S., & de Jager, O. C. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077824 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Discovery of K-Shell Emission Lines of Neutral Atoms in the Galactic Center Region
Nobukawa, M., Koyama, K., Tsuru, T., Ryu, S. G., & Tatischeff, V. (2010) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/62.2.423 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationAn XMM-Newton survey of the Local Group galaxy M 33 – variability of the detected sources
Misanovic, Z., Pietsch, W., Haberl, F., et al. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053745 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSiO EMISSION AS A TRACER OF X-RAY DOMINATED CHEMISTRY IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Amo-Baladrón, M. A., Martín-Pintado, J., Morris, M., Muno, M. P., & Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/943 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationNEW EVIDENCE FOR HIGH ACTIVITY OF THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN OUR GALAXY
Nobukawa, M., Ryu, S. G., Tsuru, T., & Koyama, K. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/l52 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe Galactic Center : Feeding and Feedback in a Normal Galactic Nucleus
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EPIC pn-CCD detector aboard XMM-Newton: status of the background calibration
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Concurrent X-ray, near-infrared, sub-millimeter, and GeV gamma-ray observations of Sagittarius A
Trap, G., Goldwurm, A., Dodds-Eden, K., Weiß, A., Terrier, R., Ponti, G., Gillessen, S., Genzel, R., Ferrando, P. R., Bélanger, G., et al. (2011) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015157/pdf · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationA multiwavelength study of evolved massive stars in the Galactic Centre
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Self-citationDeep X-Ray Observations of Supernova Remnants G359.1–0.5 and G359.0–0.9 with ASCA
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The discovery of a new non-thermal X-ray filament near the Galactic Centre
Sakano, M., Warwick, R. S., Decourchelle, A., & Predehl, P. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06299.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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THE ORBITAL MOTION OF THE QUINTUPLET CLUSTER—A COMMON ORIGIN FOR THE ARCHES AND QUINTUPLET CLUSTERS?
Stolte, A., Hußmann, B., Morris, M. R., Ghez, A. M., Brandner, W., Lu, J. R., Clarkson, W. I., Habibi, M., & Matthews, K. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/789/2/115 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationX-Ray Spectrum of a Peculiar Supernova Remnant, G 359.1-0.5
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Self-citationNishiyama, S., Tamura, M., Hatano, H., Kanai, S., Kurita, M., Sato, S., Matsunaga, N., Nagata, T., Nagayama, T., Kandori, R., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/690/2/1648 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
High-Resolution and High-S/N Spectrum Atlas of Vega
Takeda, Y., Kawanomoto, S., & Ohishi, N. (2007) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/59.1.245 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
MAGNETICALLY CONFINED INTERSTELLAR HOT PLASMA IN THE NUCLEAR BULGE OF OUR GALAXY
Nishiyama, S., Yasui, K., Nagata, T., Yoshikawa, T., Uchiyama, H., Schödel, R., Hatano, H., Sato, S., Sugitani, K., Suenaga, T., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/769/2/l28 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
X-RAY OBSERVATION OF VERY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY SOURCE, HESS J1745–303, WITHSUZAKU
Bamba, A., Yamazaki, R., Kohri, K., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/691/2/1854 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Unusual Properties of X-Ray Emission near the Galactic Center
Tanaka, Y., Koyama, K., Maeda, Y., & Sonobe, T. (2000) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/52.4.l25 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES TOWARD THE GALACTIC CENTER LOBE
Law, C. J., Backer, D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Maddalena, R. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/695/2/1070 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Heard, V., & Warwick, R. S. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts284 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationContribution to diffuse gamma-rays in the Galactic Centre region from unresolved millisecond pulsars
Wang, W., Jiang, Z. J., & Cheng, K. S. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08816.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hales, C. A., Gaensler, B. M., Chatterjee, S., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/706/2/1316 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
NTT infrared imaging of star cluster candidates towards the central parts of the Galaxy
Dutra, C. M., Ortolani, S., Bica, E., Barbuy, B., Zoccali, M., & Momany, Y. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030944 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Habibi, M., Stolte, A., & Harfst, S. (2014) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323030/pdf · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The broad-line region at the center of the Galaxy
Geballe, T. R., Wade, R., Krisciunas, K., Gatley, I., & Bird, M. C. (1987) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/165573 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A relativistic iron emission line from the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary GX 3+1
Piraino, S., Santangelo, A. E., Kaaret, P., et al. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219283 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Stolte, A., Hußmann, B., Morris, M., Ghez, A. M., Br, W., Lu, J. R., Clarkson, W. I., Habibi, M., & Matthews, K. (2014) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationThe MOST Galactic Center Survey - II. New results on published supernova remnants and G2.4 + 1.4
Gray, A. D. (1994) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/270.4.835 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A new system of nonthermal filaments near the Galactic center
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THE COSMIC-RAY POPULATION OF THE GALACTIC CENTRAL MOLECULAR ZONE
Yoast-Hull, T. M., Gallagher, J. S., & Zweibel, E. G. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/790/2/86 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
High resolution radio study of the pulsar wind nebula within the supernova remnant G0.9+0.1
Dubner, G., Giacani, E., & Decourchelle, A. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809987 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Hales, C. A., Gaensler, B. M., Chatterjee, S., et al. (2009) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
NuSTAR study of Hard X-Ray Morphology and Spectroscopy of PWN G21.5-0.9
Nynka, M., Hailey, C. J., Reynolds, S. P., et al. (2014) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1405.3239 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Discovery of X-ray eclipses from the transient source CXOGC J174540.0-290031 with XMM-Newton
Porquet, D., Grosso, N., Bélanger, G., Goldwurm, A., Yusef-Zadeh, F., Warwick, R. S., & Predehl, P. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053214 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscovery of a bright X-ray transient in the Galactic Center with XMM-Newton
Porquet, D., Grosso, N., Burwitz, V., et al. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400117 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wijnands, R., Miller, J. M., & Wang, Q. D. (2002) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/342788 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Porquet, D., Rodríguez, J., Corbel, S., et al. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030770 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fe Kα line emission from the Arches cluster region – evidence for ongoing particle bombardment?
Capelli, R., Warwick, R., Porquet, D., Gillessen, S., & Predehl, P. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116574 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An X-ray chimney extending hundreds of parsecs above and below the Galactic Centre
Ponti, G., Hofmann, F., Churazov, E., Morris, M. R., Haberl, F., Nandra, K., Terrier, R., Clavel, M., & Goldwurm, A. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1009-6 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Galactic center chimneys: the base of the multiphase outflow of the Milky Way
Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Churazov, E., Heywood, I., & Fender, R. P. (2021) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039636 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The presence of a ∼ 30 pc radio bubble and x-ray emission around the Quintuplet super-cluster system, east of the Sgr A ∗ , provides an example of how the 450-pc radio bubbles could be powered by star-forming regions in the disk (Yusef-Zadeh & Morris 1987; Sofue 2003; Ponti et al. 2015).”
BackgroundZhang, M., Li, Z., & Morris, M. R. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf927 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE FOSSIL NUCLEAR OUTFLOW IN THE CENTRAL 30 pc OF THE GALACTIC CENTER
Hsieh, P.-Y., Ho, P. T. P., Hwang, C.-Y., Shimajiri, Y., Matsushita, S., Koch, P. M., & Iono, D. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/1/72 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Terrier, R., Haberl, F., Sturm, R., Clavel, M., Soldi, S., Goldwurm, A., Predehl, P., Nandra, K., Bélanger, G., Warwick, R. S., & Tatischeff, V.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- European Space Astronomy Centre (ES)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ponti, G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-08-19
- Volume
- 453
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 172-213
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2144409721
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 256
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 6.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, X-ray emission, supernova remnants, superbubbles, X-ray filaments, Sgr A*, magnetars, bipolar lobes, Galactic center molecular clouds, soft X-ray emission, circumnuclear disc
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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