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The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
We present mass models of the Milky Way created to fit observational constraints and to be consistent with expectations from theoretical modelling. The method used to create these models is that demonstrated in our previous study, and we improve on those models by adding gas discs to the potential, considering the effects of allowing the inner slope of the halo density profile to vary, and including new observations of maser sources in the Milky Way amongst the new constraints. We provide a best-fitting model, as well as estimates of the properties of the Milky Way. Under the assumptions in our main model, we find that the Sun is R0 = 8.20 ± 0.09 kpc from the Galactic Centre, with the circular speed at the Sun being v0 = 232.8 ± 3.0 km s−1; and that the Galaxy has a total stellar mass of (54.3 ± 5.7) × 109 M⊙, a total virial mass of (1.30 ± 0.30) × 1012 M⊙ and a local dark-matter density of 0.40 ± 0.04 GeV cm−3, where the quoted uncertainties are statistical. These values are sensitive to our choice of priors and constraints. We investigate systematic uncertainties, which in some cases may be larger. For example, if we weaken our prior on R0, we find it to be 7.97 ± 0.15 kpc and that v0 = 226.8 ± 4.2 km s−1. We find that most of these properties, including the local dark-matter density, are remarkably insensitive to the assumed power-law density slope at the centre of the dark-matter halo. We find that it is unlikely that the local standard of rest differs significantly from that found under assumptions of axisymmetry. We have made code to compute the force from our potential, and to integrate orbits within it, publicly available.
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“Such studies argue that the Galactic halo has a very high concentration, typically ∼ 14 or higher”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This stellar mass is in good agreement with estimates for the MW (e.g. Bovy & Rix 2013; McMillan 2017, and Section 5)”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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“and even more flexible formulae, such as the generalised NFW profile (gNFW, which has been used to model the MW halo - McMillan 2017; Karukes et al. 2019b), struggle to describe the radial profile of the contracted halo.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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“They correspond to an HI mass of 1 . 1 × 10 10 M ⊙ and a molecular gas mass of 10 percent of the HI mass.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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Cites
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ResultSEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE(WMAP) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
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“The critical density is ρcrit = 3H2 8πG (6) where we takeH = 70.4 km s−1 Mpc−1 from Komatsu et al.(2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
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THE SEVENTH DATA RELEASE OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY
Abazajian, K. N., Adelman-McCarthy, J. K., Agüeros, M. A., Allam, S. S., Prieto, C. A., An, D., Anderson, K. S. J., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 · Cited by 5,341 · cited 1×
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MethodSimulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars
Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Jenkins, A. R., Frenk, C. S., Yoshida, N., Gao, L., Navarro, J. F., Thacker, R. J., Croton, D., Helly, J. C., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03597 · Cited by 5,060 · cited 1×
“The relationship betweenM∗ and Mv was determined by ‘abundance matching’ of the galaxy stellar masses found byLi & White (2009) with the halo virial masses found in the Millennium simulations (Springel et al. 2005; Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2009).”
MethodEnsemble samplers with affine invariance
Goodman, J. B., & Weare, J. (2010) · Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science · doi:10.2140/camcos.2010.5.65 · Cited by 3,075
corner.py: Scatterplot matrices in Python
Foreman-Mackey, D. T. (2016) · The Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.00024 · Cited by 2,183 · cited 1×
“The corner plots were created with thecorner.py package (Foreman-Mackey 2016).”
MethodLocal kinematics and the local standard of rest
Schönrich, R. A., Binney, J. J., & Dehnen, W. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x · Cited by 1,934 · cited 5×
“…a R0 in an axisymmetric approximation of the true potential (i.e. what we find in this study), and the velocity of a closed orbit,and therefore a theoretical 0 km s−1 dispersion population, in the Solar neighbourhood (which is what is found by local measurementslike that of Schönrich et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Anastasopoulou, K., Ponti, G., Sormani, M. C., Locatelli, N. T., Haberl, F., Morris, M., Churazov, E., Schödel, R., Maitra, C., Campana, S., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245001 · Cited by 24
Bellazzini, M., Massari, D., Angeli, F. D., Mucciarelli, A., Bragaglia, A., Riello, M., & Montegriffo, P. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345921 · Cited by 19
Tamburo, P., Muirhead, P. S., & Dressing, C. D. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acd1de · Cited by 25
The MPIfR-MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey
Bernadich, M. C. I., Balakrishnan, V., Barr, E. D., Berezina, M., Burgay, M., Buchner, S., Champion, D. J., Chen, W., Desvignes, G., Freire, P. C. C., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346953 · Cited by 19
Binary neutron star populations in the Milky Way
Sgalletta, C., Iorio, G., Mapelli, M., Artale, M. C., Boco, L., Chattopadhyay, D., Lapi, A., Possenti, A., Rinaldi, S., & Spera, M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2768 · Cited by 19
Limberg, G., Ji, A. P., Naidu, R. P., Chiti, A., Rossi, S., Usman, S. A., Ting, Y.-S., Zaritsky, D., Bonaca, A., Borbolato, L., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae969 · Cited by 21
Bacchini, C., Nipoti, C., Iorio, G., Roman-Oliveira, F. V., Rizzo, F., Piña, P. E. M., Marasco, A., Zanella, A., & Lelli, F. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449925 · Cited by 24
Krivonos, R., Barinov, V. V., Mukhin, A., & Gorbunov, D. S. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.261002 · Cited by 19
γ-ray and ν Searches for Dark-Matter Subhalos in the Milky Way with a Baryonic Potential
Hütten, M., Stref, M., Combet, C., Lavalle, J., & Maurin, D. A. (2019) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies7020060 · Cited by 19
“The model in SL17 is built on the dynamically constrained mass models from McMillan [71], where the latter used kinematic data (including maser observations, the Solar”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRemnants of Galactic Subhalos and Their Impact on Indirect Dark-Matter Searches
Stref, M., Lacroix, T., & Lavalle, J. (2019) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies7020065 · Cited by 19
“In the following, we use the Galactic mass models constrained by McMillan [26] on pre-Gaia data for the DM and baryonic mass distributions.”
MethodThe Origin of a Distributed Stellar Population in the Star-forming Region W4
Lim, B., Hong, J., Yun, H.-S., Hwang, N., Kim, J. S., Lee, J., Park, B.-G., & Park, S. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba0a3 · Cited by 19
DELVE-ing into the Jet: A Thin Stellar Stream on a Retrograde Orbit at 30 kpc
Ferguson, P., Shipp, N., Drlica-Wagner, A., Li, T.-S., Cerny, W., Tavangar, K., Pace, A., Marshall, J., Riley, A., Adamów, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac3492 · Cited by 12
A panoramic view of the Local Group dwarf galaxy NGC 6822
Zhang, S., Mackey, D., & Costa, G. S. D. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2642 · Cited by 19
“The orbit is integrated in the Milky Way potential from McMillan (2017), which has a total mass of 1.3 × 1012 𝑀 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe tilt of the velocity ellipsoid in the Milky Way with Gaia DR2
Hagen, J. H. J., Helmi, A., de Zeeuw, P. T., & Posti, L. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935264 · Cited by 19
“Mass models of the Galaxy, such as those by McMillan (2011, 2017), and Piffl et al. (2014) have been developed to fit many different observational constraints simultaneously, although this is very challenging.”
MethodSurface brightness profile of the 3.5 keV line in the Milky Way haloPreprint
Boyarsky, A. M., Iakubovskyi, D., Oleg Ruchayskiy, C., & Savchenko, D. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.10488 · Cited by 19
“The green curve corresponds to the best-fit decaying dark matter prediction from a Navarro-Frenk-White profile with rs = 20 kpc from [19] (see Table II).”
MethodUncovering the first-infall history of the LMC through its dynamical impact in the Milky Way halo
Sheng, Y., Ting, Y.-S., Xue, X.-X., Chang, J., & Tian, H. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2259 · Cited by 18
Maoz, D., & Ehud Nakar, A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ada3bd · Cited by 18
Gaia DR2 orbital properties for field stars with globular cluster-like CN band strengths
Savino, A., & Posti, L. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935417 · Cited by 18
“We finally note that we repeated our analysis using a different potential for the MW, as in McMillan (2017).”
MethodFirst evidence of a collision between two unrelated open clusters in the Milky Way
Piatti, A. E., & Malhan, K. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slab130 · Cited by 18
Antaeus: A Retrograde Group of Tidal Debris in the Milky Way’s Disk Plane
Oria, P.-A., Tenachi, W., Ibata, R., Famaey, B., Yuan, Z., Arentsen, A., Martin, N. F., & Viswanathan, A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac86d3 · Cited by 18
A new resonance-like feature in the outer disc of the Milky Way
Drimmel, R., Khanna, S., D’Onghia, E., Tepper-García, T., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Chemin, L., Ripepi, V., Romero-Gómez, M., Ramos, P., Poggio, E., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244605 · Cited by 18
First estimate of the local value of the baryonic streaming velocity
Uysal, B., & Hartwig, T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad350 · Cited by 18
Evans, F. A., Rasskazov, A., Remmelzwaal, A., Marchetti, T., Castro-Ginard, A., Rossi, E. M., & Bovy, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2273 · Cited by 23
The role of radial migration in open cluster and field star populations with Gaia DR3
Vázquez, C. V., Magrini, L., Spina, L., Tautvaišienė, G., der Swaelmen, M. V., Randich, S., & Sacco, G. G. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346963 · Cited by 18
Catalogue of model star clusters in the Milky Way and M31 galaxies
Chen, Y., & Gnedin, O. Y. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3345 · Cited by 18
Shen, X., Xiao, H., Hopkins, P. F., & Zurek, K. M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad12c6 · Cited by 29
Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus star formation history as revealed by detailed elemental abundances
Ernandes, H., Feuillet, D. K., Feltzing, S., & Skúladóttir, Á. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450827 · Cited by 20
The M31/M33 tidal interaction: a hydrodynamic simulation of the extended gas distribution
Tepper-García, T., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Li, D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa317 · Cited by 19
“The mass of M31 is consistent with the upper limit of the mass of this galaxy based on limits to the total mass of the Local Group (∼ 3 × 1012 M ; e.g. Diaz et al. 2014, see also Fardal et al. 2013), and independent estimates of the mass of the Milky Way (∼ 1× 1012 M ; e.g. McMillan 2017).”
BackgroundRadial migration and vertical action in N-body simulations
Mikkola, D., McMillan, P. J., & Hobbs, D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1223 · Cited by 18
“We will consider the two processes most commonly referred to as radial migration in disc galaxies namely blurring (Schönrich & Binney 2009) and churning (Sellwood & Binney 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe metal-poor end of the Spite plateau
Pinto, A. M. M., Spite, M., Caffau, E., Bonifacio, P., Sbordone, L., Sivarani, T., Steffen, M., Spite, F., François, P., & Matteo, P. D. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141288 · Cited by 19
Variable Stars in the Giant Satellite Galaxy Antlia 2
Vivas, A. K., Martínez-Vázquez, C. E., Walker, A. R., Belokurov, V. A., Li, T. S., & Erkal, D. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac43bd · Cited by 18
A dense 0.1-solar-mass star in a 51-minute-orbital-period eclipsing binary
Burdge, K. B., El-Badry, K., Marsh, T. R., Rappaport, S., Brown, W. R., Caiazzo, I., Chakrabarty, D., Dhillon, V. S., Fuller, J., Gänsicke, B. T., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05195-x · Cited by 18
Wrinkles in the Gaia data unveil a dynamically young and perturbed Milky Way diskPreprint
Antoja, T., Helmi, A., Romero-Gómez, M., Katz, D., Babusiaux, C., Drimmel, R., Evans, D. W., Figueras, F., Poggio, E., Reylé, C., et al. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 18
Neutron-capture elements record the ordered chemical evolution of the disc over time
Horta, D., Ness, M., Rybizki, J., Schiavon, R. P., & Buder, S. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac953 · Cited by 22
Galactic Accelerations from the GD-1 Stream Suggest a Tilted Dark Matter Halo
Nibauer, J., & Bonaca, A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/add0a9 · Cited by 17
Substructures, resonances, and debris streams
Dodd, E., Helmi, A., & Koppelman, H. H. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141354
Li, H., Du, C., Ma, J., Shi, J., Newberg, H. J., & Yun-song Piao, A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac786d · Cited by 17
Chiang, B. T., Ostriker, J. P., & Schive, H.-Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3358 · Cited by 22
The Pristine survey – XIX. Cu and Zn abundances in metal-poor giants
Caffau, E., Lombardo, L., Mashonkina, L. I., Sitnova, T. M., Bonifacio, P., Pinto, A. M. M., Kordopatis, G., Sestito, F., Aguado, D. S., Salvadori, S., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3372 · Cited by 17
Unveiling the past evolution of the progenitor of the Helmi streams
Ruiz-Lara, T., Helmi, A., Gallart, C., Surot, F., & Cassisi, S. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244127 · Cited by 17
A kinematic calibration of the O-rich Mira variable period–age relation from Gaia
Zhang, H., & Sanders, J. L. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad575 · Cited by 18
Spectroscopic Analysis of Milky Way Outer Halo Satellites: Aquarius II and Boötes II
Bruce, J., Li, T. S., Pace, A., Heiger, M., Song, Y.-Y., & Simon, J. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc943 · Cited by 16
Gravitational focusing effects on streaming dark matter as a new detection concept
Kryemadhi, A., Maroudas, M., Mastronikolis, A., & Zioutas, K. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.108.123043 · Cited by 17
“[27] and [28].”
Measuring the Milky Way Vertical Potential with the Phase Snail in a Model-independent Way
Guo, R., Li, Z., Shen, J., Mao, S., & Liu, C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad037b · Cited by 20
Testing MOND on Small Bodies in the Remote Solar System
Vokrouhlický, D., Nesvorný, D., & Tremaine, S. D. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad40a3 · Cited by 17
Combined Gemini-South and HST photometric analysis of the globular cluster NGC 6558
Souza, S. O., Libralato, M., Nardiello, D., Kerber, L. O., Ortolani, S., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Oliveira, R. A. P., Barbuy, B., Bica, E., Griggio, M., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450795 · Cited by 20
Huber, D., Slumstrup, D., Hon, M., Li, Y., Aguirre, V. S., Bedding, T. R., Joyce, M., Ong, J. M. J., Serenelli, A. M., Stello, D., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7110 · Cited by 26
Two channels for the formation of compact dwarf galaxies in clusters of galaxies
Martinović, N., & Mićić, M. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1480 · Cited by 17
“…galaxies that have been created externally in reference to the final cluster of galaxies (where we are referencing that the peak of the total virial mass of the galaxies in this population is similar to the estimated total virial mass of the Milky Way ∼ 1012M (Kafle et al. 2014; McMillan 2017)).”
MethodRobustness of dark matter constraints and interplay with collider searches for New Physics
Arbey, A., Boudaud, M., Mahmoudi, F., & Robbins, G. (2017) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep11(2017)132 · Cited by 17
Hertzberg, M. P., Schiappacasse, E. D., & Yanagida, T. T. (2020) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135566 · Cited by 17
“Table 1 Best-fit models for the Milky Way Galaxy performed in [57,58].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Effect of Bars on the Ionized ISM: Optical Emission Lines from Milky Way Analogs
Krishnarao, D., Tremonti, C., Fraser-McKelvie, A., Kraljic, K., Boardman, N. F., Masters, K. L., Benjamin, R. A., Haffner, L. M., Jones, A. M., Pace, Z. J., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9fa3 · Cited by 17
Woody, T., & Schlaufman, K. C. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abff5f · Cited by 17
“While the virial mass of the McMillan17 potential is in this interval, the virial mass of the default MWPotential2014 potential is below this range.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLinking nearby stellar streams to more distant halo overdensities
Balbinot, E., & Helmi, A. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141015 · Cited by 17
Photo-chemo-dynamical analysis and the origin of the bulge globular cluster Palomar 6
Souza, S. O., Valentini, M., Barbuy, B., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Chiappini, C., Ortolani, S., Nardiello, D., Dias, B., Anders, F., & Bica, E. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141768 · Cited by 20
The Origin of High-velocity Stars from Gaia and LAMOST
Du, C., Li, H., Newberg, H. J., Chen, Y., Shi, J., Wu, Z., & Ma, J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaf578 · Cited by 19
An enquiry on the origins of N-rich stars in the inner Galaxy based on APOGEE chemical compositions
Kisku, S. S., Schiavon, R. P., Horta, D., Mason, A., Mackereth, J. T., Hasselquist, S., García-Hernández, D. A., Bizyaev, D., Brownstein, J. R., Lane, R. R., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab525 · Cited by 17
“We make use of the publicly available code galpy2 (Bovy 2015; Mackereth & Bovy 2018) to calculate orbital parameters adopting a McMillan (2017) potential.”
MethodWirth, H., Kroupa, P., Haas, J., Jeřábková, T., Yan, Z., & Šubr, L. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2424 · Cited by 16
The effect of stellar encounters on the dark matter annihilation signal from prompt cusps
Stücker, J., Ogiya, G., White, S. D. M., & Angulo, R. E. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1268 · Cited by 18
Modern Estimates of the Mass of the Milky Way
Бобылев, В. В., & Байкова, А. Т. (2023) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s1063772923080024 · Cited by 22
Discovery and Timing of Millisecond Pulsars in the Globular Cluster M5 with FAST and Arecibo
Zhang, L., Freire, P. C. C., Ridolfi, A., Pan, Z., Zhao, J., Heinke, C. O., Chen, J., Cadelano, M., Pallanca, C., Hou, X., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acfb03 · Cited by 16
A catalogue of Galactic GEMS: Globular cluster Extra-tidal Mock Stars
Grondin, S., Webb, J. J., Lane, J., Speagle, J. S., & Leigh, N. W. C. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae203 · Cited by 19
Gravitational-wave and Gravitational-wave Memory Signatures of Core-collapse Supernovae
Choi, L., Burrows, A. S., & Vartanyan, D. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad74f8 · Cited by 16
Deg, N., Widrow, L. M., Randriamampandry, T. H., & Claude Carignan, A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1203 · Cited by 16
“9 shows the comparison of the GalactICS disc to the two discs in McMillan (2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLevshakov, S. A., Ng, K., Henkel, C., Mookerjea, B., Agafonova, I. I., Liu, S.-Y., & Wang, W.-H. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1628 · Cited by 16
“…approaches to modeling the MW rotational curve come to the same conclusion that the total matter within the solar circle is dominated by baryons with ρb/ρDM ∼ 10, where ρb is the baryon density and ρDM is the density of DM (McGaugh 2018; McMillan 2017; Iocco et al. 2015; Sofue et al. 2009).”
BackgroundComparing hypervelocity star populations from the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way
Evans, F. A., Marchetti, T., Rossi, E. M., Baggen, J. F. W., & Bloot, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2271 · Cited by 19
“We assume a circular velocity at the Solar position of 232.76 km s−1 (McMillan 2017) and take (U , V ,W ) = (14.0, 12.24, 7.25) km s −1 (Schönrich 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialFrom the Fire: A Deeper Look at the Phoenix Stream
Tavangar, K., Ferguson, P. S., Shipp, N., Drlica-Wagner, A., Koposov, S. E., Erkal, D., Balbinot, E., García-Bellido, J., Kuehn, K., Lewis, G. F., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac399b · Cited by 16
Median statistics estimate of the galactic rotational velocity
Camarillo, T., Dredger, P., & Ratra, B. (2018) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-018-3486-8 · Cited by 16
“MNRAS 000, 1–5 (2018) the mixed tracer type of McMillan (2017).”
BackgroundInvestigating the detection of dark matter subhalos as extended sources with Fermi -LAT
Mauro, M. D., Stref, M., & Calore, F. (2020) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.102.103010 · Cited by 16
The orbital evolution of UFDs and GCs in an evolving Galactic potential
Armstrong, B., Bekki, K., & Ludlow, A. D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3391 · Cited by 17
“We stress, however, that more precise measurements of the Milky Way’s mass exist (e.g. McMillan 2017; Callingham et al. 2019; Cautun et al. 2020; Fritz et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020).”
BackgroundThe Cloud Factory II: gravoturbulent kinematics of resolved molecular clouds in a galactic potential
Izquierdo, A. F., Smith, R. J., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Treß, R. G., Sormani, M. C., Clark, P. C., Duarte-Cabral, A., & Zucker, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3470 · Cited by 16
“The initial gas distribution of our simulation is based on observational constraints and theoretical modelling of the Milky Way presented in McMillan (2017).”
MethodCosmic flow around local massive galaxies
Kashibadze, O. G., & Karachentsev, I. D. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731645/pdf · Cited by 16
Guo, M., Zhao, J., & Shao, L. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.104065 · Cited by 16
A purely acceleration-based measurement of the fundamental Galactic parametersPreprint
Bovy, J. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.02169 · Cited by 30
Ripples spreading across the Galactic disc
Asano, T., Fujii, M. S., Baba, J., Zwart, S. P., & Bédorf, J. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553816 · Cited by 18
Steinmetz, M., Guiglion, G., McMillan, P., Matijevič, G., Enke, H., Kordopatis, G., Zwitter, T., Valentini, M., Chiappini, C., Casagrande, L., et al. (2020) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 15
Self-citationA Tidally Induced Global Corrugation Pattern in an External Disk Galaxy Similar to the Milky Way
Gómez, F. A., Torres-Flores, S., Mora-Urrejola, C., Monachesi, A., White, S. D. M., Maffione, N. P., Grand, R. J. J., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Springel, V., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abcd97 · Cited by 15
“Our study opens a new window to investigating whether the corrugation pattern observed in the Milky Way disc is a rare or common feature of late-type galaxies.”
BackgroundInfluentialEvans, F. A., Marchetti, T., & Rossi, E. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2865 · Cited by 18
Constructing the Milky Way Stellar Halo in the Galactic Center by Direct Orbit Integration
Yang, C., Ling, Z., Tahmasebzadeh, B., Xue, X.-X., & Liu, C. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9900 · Cited by 15
TheGaia-ESO Survey: Old super-metal-rich visitors from the inner Galaxy
Dantas, M. L. L., Smiljanić, R., Boesso, R., Rocha–Pinto, H. J., Magrini, L., Guiglion, G., Tautvaišienė, G., Gilmore, G. F., Randich, S., Bensby, T., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243667 · Cited by 17
Probability of Forming Gaps in the GD-1 Stream by Close Encounters of Globular Clusters
Doke, Y., & Hattori, K. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca090 · Cited by 15
A halo of trapped interstellar matter surrounding the Solar system
Peñarrubia, J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3642 · Cited by 17
Finding r-II Sibling Stars in the Milky Way with the Greedy Optimistic Clustering Algorithm
Hattori, K., Okuno, A., & Roederer, I. U. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb93b · Cited by 16
Mass measurements and 3D orbital geometry of PSR J1933–6211
Geyer, M., Krishnan, V. V., Freire, P. C. C., Krämer, M., Antoniadis, J., Bailes, M., Bernadich, M. C. I., Buchner, S., Cameron, A. D., Champion, D. J., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244654 · Cited by 16
The metal-poor edge of the Milky Way’s “thin disc”
Fernández-Alvar, E., Kordopatis, G., Hill, V., Battaglia, G., Gallart, C., Vernhe, I. G. R. D. L., Thomas, G. F., Sestito, F., Arentsen, A., Martin, N. F., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348918 · Cited by 17
The longevity of the oldest open clusters
Alvarez-Baena, N., Carrera, R., Thompson, H., Balaguer-Núñez, L., Bragaglia, A., Jordi, C., Silva-Villa, E., & Vallenari, A. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348220 · Cited by 15
Dark matter scattering constraints from observations of stars surrounding Sgr A*
John, I., Leane, R. K., & Linden, T. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.109.123041 · Cited by 26
Galactic structure from binary pulsar accelerations: Beyond smooth models
Donlon, T., Chakrabarti, S., Widrow, L. M., Lam, M. T., Chang, P., & Quillen, A. C. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.023026 · Cited by 20
Improved constraints on Galactic Centre ejection of hypervelocity stars based on novel search method
Verberne, S., Rossi, E. M., Koposov, S. E., Marchetti, T., Kuijken, K. H., Penoyre, Z., Evans, F. A., Souropanis, D., & Tohill, C.-B. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1888 · Cited by 17
Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-Like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
Scherf, M., Lammer, H., & Sproß, L. (2024) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2023.0076 · Cited by 19
Abundance ties: Nephele and the globular cluster population accreted with ω Cen
Pagnini, G., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Renaud, F., Mondelin, M., Agertz, O., Bianchini, P., Casamiquela, L., Александрович, Х. С., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450264 · Cited by 15
Dynamical History Of The Local Group In ΛCDM slowromancapii@ − Including External Perturbers In 3D
Banik, I., & Zhao, H. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx151 · Cited by 15
“Interestingly, a more recent estimate preferred a lower value of 232.8± 3.0 km/s (McMillan 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialBeane, A., Sanderson, R. E., Ness, M., Johnston, K. V., Filho, D. G., Low, M.-M. M., Anglés‐Alcázar, D., Hogg, D. W., & Laporte, C. F. P. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3d3c · Cited by 15
Tutukov, A. V., Сизова, М. Д., & Vereshchagin, S. V. (2020) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s106377292010008x · Cited by 15
Remnants of galactic subhalos and their impact on indirect dark-matter searches
Stref, M., Lacroix, T., & Lavalle, J. (2019) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 15
New type II Cepheids from VVV data towards the Galactic center
Braga, V. F., Ramos, R. C., Minniti, D., Lopes, C. E. F., Catelan, M., Minniti, J. H., Nikzat, F., & Zoccali, M. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935103/pdf · Cited by 15
γ-ray and ν searches for dark matter subhalos in the Milky Way with a baryonic potential
Hütten, M., Stref, M., Combet, C., Lavalle, J., & Maurin, D. A. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 15
VVV-WIT-08: the giant star that blinked
Smith, L. C., Koposov, S. E., Lucas, P. W., Sanders, J. L., Minniti, D., Udalski, A., Evans, N. W., Aguado, D. S., Ivanov, V. D., Saito, R. K., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1211 · Cited by 15
“Vesc(R) is obtained using the AGAMA software package (Vasiliev 2019) with the McMillan (2017) potential and the distance (R) samples from the modelling.”
MethodA first estimate of the Milky Way dark matter halo spin
Obreja, A., Buck, T., & Macciò, A. V. (2023) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140983e/pdf · Cited by 15
Souza, S. O., Ernandes, H., Valentini, M., Barbuy, B., Chiappini, C., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Ortolani, S., Friaça, A. C. S., Queiroz, A. B. A., & Bica, E. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245286 · Cited by 16
Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri
Banik, I., & Kroupa, P. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1379 · Cited by 15
“Taking this to be 8.2 kpc (McMillan 2017), we expect the difference in Galactocentric accelerations to be ≈ 1.3 8200 ×1.75 a0 = 2.8× 10−4a0 .”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- McMillan, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- McMillan, Paul J.
- ORCID
- McMillan, Paul J.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-10-26
- Volume
- 465
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-94
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2485876312
- Cited by
- 1,099
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 30.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way mass distribution, gravitational potential, dark matter halos, stellar mass, virial mass, local dark matter density, local standard of rest, halo density profiles, gas discs, orbit integration, axial symmetry
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