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The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
We present mass models of the Milky Way created to fit observational constraints and to be consistent with expectations from theoretical modelling. The method used to create these models is that demonstrated in our previous study, and we improve on those models by adding gas discs to the potential, considering the effects of allowing the inner slope of the halo density profile to vary, and including new observations of maser sources in the Milky Way amongst the new constraints. We provide a best-fitting model, as well as estimates of the properties of the Milky Way. Under the assumptions in our main model, we find that the Sun is R0 = 8.20 ± 0.09 kpc from the Galactic Centre, with the circular speed at the Sun being v0 = 232.8 ± 3.0 km s−1; and that the Galaxy has a total stellar mass of (54.3 ± 5.7) × 109 M⊙, a total virial mass of (1.30 ± 0.30) × 1012 M⊙ and a local dark-matter density of 0.40 ± 0.04 GeV cm−3, where the quoted uncertainties are statistical. These values are sensitive to our choice of priors and constraints. We investigate systematic uncertainties, which in some cases may be larger. For example, if we weaken our prior on R0, we find it to be 7.97 ± 0.15 kpc and that v0 = 226.8 ± 4.2 km s−1. We find that most of these properties, including the local dark-matter density, are remarkably insensitive to the assumed power-law density slope at the centre of the dark-matter halo. We find that it is unlikely that the local standard of rest differs significantly from that found under assumptions of axisymmetry. We have made code to compute the force from our potential, and to integrate orbits within it, publicly available.
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“Such studies argue that the Galactic halo has a very high concentration, typically ∼ 14 or higher”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This stellar mass is in good agreement with estimates for the MW (e.g. Bovy & Rix 2013; McMillan 2017, and Section 5)”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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“and even more flexible formulae, such as the generalised NFW profile (gNFW, which has been used to model the MW halo - McMillan 2017; Karukes et al. 2019b), struggle to describe the radial profile of the contracted halo.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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“They correspond to an HI mass of 1 . 1 × 10 10 M ⊙ and a molecular gas mass of 10 percent of the HI mass.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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Cites
Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines
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“As a test, we have also used the affine invariant MCMC sampler proposed byGoodman & Weare(2010), and packaged asemcee by Foreman-Mackey et al.(2013), to explore the pdf of some of our models, and found essentially identical results.”
ResultSEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE(WMAP) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
Komatsu, E., Smith, K. M., Dunkley, J., Bennett, C. L., Gold, B., Hinshaw, G., Jarosik, N., Larson, D., Nolta, M. R., Page, L., et al. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/18 · Cited by 8,802 · cited 1×
“The critical density is ρcrit = 3H2 8πG (6) where we takeH = 70.4 km s−1 Mpc−1 from Komatsu et al.(2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. (1996) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/177173 · Cited by 8,544
Prusti, T., de Bruijne, J. H. J., Brown, A. G. A., Vallenari, A., Babusiaux, C., Bailer‐Jones, C. A. L., Bastian, U., Biermann, M., Evans, D. W., Eyer, L., et al. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629272 · Cited by 7,350
THE SEVENTH DATA RELEASE OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY
Abazajian, K. N., Adelman-McCarthy, J. K., Agüeros, M. A., Allam, S. S., Prieto, C. A., An, D., Anderson, K. S. J., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 · Cited by 5,341 · cited 1×
“…‘hole’ in the stellar density for the same reasons given in Paper I. TheJurić et al.(2008) analysis of data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS:Abazajian et al. 2009) showed that the approximation to exponential profiles is a sensible one for the Milky Way, and produced estimates based on…”
MethodSimulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars
Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Jenkins, A. R., Frenk, C. S., Yoshida, N., Gao, L., Navarro, J. F., Thacker, R. J., Croton, D., Helly, J. C., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03597 · Cited by 5,060 · cited 1×
“The relationship betweenM∗ and Mv was determined by ‘abundance matching’ of the galaxy stellar masses found byLi & White (2009) with the halo virial masses found in the Millennium simulations (Springel et al. 2005; Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2009).”
MethodEnsemble samplers with affine invariance
Goodman, J. B., & Weare, J. (2010) · Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science · doi:10.2140/camcos.2010.5.65 · Cited by 3,075
corner.py: Scatterplot matrices in Python
Foreman-Mackey, D. T. (2016) · The Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.00024 · Cited by 2,183 · cited 1×
“The corner plots were created with thecorner.py package (Foreman-Mackey 2016).”
MethodLocal kinematics and the local standard of rest
Schönrich, R. A., Binney, J. J., & Dehnen, W. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x · Cited by 1,934 · cited 5×
“…a R0 in an axisymmetric approximation of the true potential (i.e. what we find in this study), and the velocity of a closed orbit,and therefore a theoretical 0 km s−1 dispersion population, in the Solar neighbourhood (which is what is found by local measurementslike that of Schönrich et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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1 of the 128 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Panithanpaisal, N., Sanderson, R. E., Rodriguez, C. L., Starkenburg, T., Pearson, S., Bonaca, A., Hopkins, P. F., Cook, B. T., Arora, A., & Weatherford, N. C. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2ea7 · Cited by 6
Very metal-poor stars I: a catalogue derived from LAMOST DR9
Hou, X., Zhao, G., & Li, H. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1567 · Cited by 7
Automatic Parallel Tempering Markov Chain Monte Carlo with Nii-C
Jin, S., Jiang, W., & Wu, D.-H. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad6300 · Cited by 6
Supernova-Neutrino-Boosted Dark Matter from All Galaxies
Lin, Y.-H., & Wu, M.-R. (2024) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.133.111004 · Cited by 6
Blind source separation of the stellar halo
Davies, E. Y., Belokurov, V. A., Kravtsov, A. V., Monty, S., Myeong, G., Evans, N. W., & Kane, S. G. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf558 · Cited by 6
Folsom, D., Lisanti, M., Necib, L., Horta, D., Vogelsberger, M., & Hernquist, L. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbe31 · Cited by 6
Alonso-González, D., Cerdeño, D. G., Cermeño, M., & Perez, A. D. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.111.083019 · Cited by 6
“6 kpc, H = 300 pc [51] and the normalization factor is A = 6 .”
EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body Simulations of Milky Way–mass Halos from Symphony
Wang, Y., Mansfield, P., Nadler, E. O., Darragh-Ford, E., Wechsler, R. H., Yang, D., & Yu, H.-B. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcfa3 · Cited by 14
Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia colour-magnitude diagram fitting (ChronoGal)
González-Koda, Y. K., Ruiz-Lara, T., Gallart, C., Ceccarelli, E., Dodd, E., Fernández-Alvar, E., Cassisi, S., Surot, F., Agelet, F. A., Massari, D., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554272 · Cited by 6
Constraining ultra light dark matter with the Galactic nuclear star cluster
Toguz, F., Kawata, D., Seabroke, G. M., & Read, J. I. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac057 · Cited by 6
Chemodynamics of metal-poor wide binaries in the Galactic halo: Association with the Sequoia event
Lim, D., Koch, A., Hansen, C. J., Lépine, S., Marshall, J. L., Wilkinson, M. I., & Peñarrubia, J. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141728 · Cited by 6
No Evolution in the Half-mass Radius of Milky Way–type Galaxies over the Last 10 Gyr
Hasheminia, M., Mosleh, M., Tacchella, S., Hosseini-ShahiSavandi, S. Z., Park, M., & Naidu, R. P. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac76c8 · Cited by 6
Núñez-Castiñeyra, A., Nezri, E., Mollitor, P., Devriendt, J., & Teyssier, R. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/05/012 · Cited by 6
“As expected from the stellar mass of the Mochima simulations [41] compared to the MW, the velocity distributions are close and comparable (mean and spread) with the SHM (though ad-hoc) and even with the Eddington band [31] (derived from observations and mass models [95]).”
MethodG objects and primordial black holes
Flores, M. M., Kusenko, A., Ghez, A. M., & Naoz, S. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.108.l061301 · Cited by 6
First spectroscopic investigation of anomalous Cepheid variables
Ripepi, V., Catanzaro, G., Trentin, E., Oscar Straniero, D., Mucciarelli, A., Marconi, M., Bhardwaj, A., Fiorentino, G., Monelli, M., Storm, J., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347991 · Cited by 6
Chemical Homogeneity of Wide Binary Systems: An Approach from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Lim, D., Koch, A., Hong, S. S., Chun, S., & Lee, Y. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad0a62 · Cited by 6
Prospects for probing small-scale dark matter models with pulsars around Sagittarius A *
Hu, Z., Shao, L., & Zhang, F. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.108.123034 · Cited by 11
HdC and EHe stars through the prism ofGaiaDR3
Tisserand, P., Crawford, C. L., Soon, J., Clayton, G. C., Ruiter, A. J., & Seitenzahl, I. R. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348005 · Cited by 6
De Sitter-Invariant Special Relativity and Galaxy Rotation Curves
Araujo, A., López, D. F., & Pereira, J. G. (2019) · Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.1134/s0202289319020026 · Cited by 6
“mEqs.(38)and(39),thesquaredvelocityoftheflatportion ofagalaxyrotationcurveisgivenby v2 0 GM 0 6 = GM 0 6 0r 0 : (44) Usingtheaveragevaluesforthemassandradiusofatypicalgalaxybulge,givenrespectively by[18] M 0 = 10 10M ’2 1040 Kg and r 0 = 3 kpc ’1020 m; aswellas 0 givenbyEq.(35),thesquaredcircularvelocityofastararoundth…”
MethodYang, T., Boruah, S. S., & Afshordi, N. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa441 · Cited by 6
“For comparison, the results obtained from Bovy (2015), 6 Recall we used a slightly different method when finding the constraints to the potential due to the multi-modal of posterior distribution and the McMillan (2017), Vasiliev (2019), and Eilers et al. (2019) are also shown in the same figure.”
MethodThe shape of the dark matter halo revealed from a hypervelocity star
Hattori, K., & Valluri, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921319008718 · Cited by 6
Measuring the matter density of the Galactic disc using stellar streams
Widmark, A., Malhan, K., de Salas, P. F., & Sivertsson, S. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1741 · Cited by 5
“…and dynamics of the Galaxy (Dehnen & Binney 1998; Klypin et al. 2002; Widrow et al. 2008; Weber & de Boer 2010; McMillan 2011; Kafle et al. 2014; McMillan 2017; Nitschai et al. 2019; Cautun et al. 2019; Li et al. 2019), has implications for direct and indirect dark matter detection experiments…”
BackgroundA Gaia-based Photometric and Kinematic Analysis of the Old Open Cluster King 11
Sariya, D. P., Jiang, I.-G., Bisht, D., Sizova, M. D., Chupina, N. V., Vereshchagin, S. V., Yadav, R. K. S., & Rangwal, G. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac09e7 · Cited by 6
“The Sun’s Galactocentric distance is taken as R0= 8.178 kpc (McMillan 2017) and orbital velocity of the Sun is taken as V0= 232.8 km s −1 (Gravity Collaboration et al. 2019).”
InfluentialSimulating kilonovae in the ΛCDM universe
Jiang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, F., Li, L., Wang, L., Li, R., Gao, L., Han, Z., & Pan, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1989 · Cited by 6
“…solar r-process residual, Xobs A>79 = 35.0+0.4 −0.3 ×10−8 (Arnould et al. 2007; Côté et al. 2018), and the Milky Way mass, M∗,MW = (5.43±0.57)×10 10 M⊙ (McMillan 2017), the observed mass of r-process elements in the Milky Way is Mobs rp,A>79,MW = Xobs A>79 M∗,MW = 1.90 +0.22 −0.21 × 104 M⊙ , as…”
ResultInfluentialOn the Cooling Flow Problem in the Gaseous Halo of the Milky Way
Fang, X.-E., Guo, F., & Yuan, Y.-F. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab846c · Cited by 6
Proper motions of the satellites of M31
Hodkinson, B. H., & Scholtz, J. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1893 · Cited by 6
“[17] P.”
BackgroundKobayashi, M. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22058014 · Cited by 6
AMS-02 antiprotons and dark matter: Trimmed hints and robust bounds
Calore, F., Cirelli, M., Derome, L., Génolini, Y., Maurin, D. A., Salati, P., & Serpico, P. D. (2022) · SciPost Physics · doi:10.21468/scipostphys.12.5.163 · Cited by 5
“[48], which has been used in many past studies, including from our group, and therefore allow for an easier comparison than if we had chosen to adopt more recent determinations.”
Viswanathan, A., Byström, A., Starkenburg, E., Foppen, A., Straat, J., Montelius, M., Sestito, F., Venn, K. A., Navarrete, C., Matsuno, T., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452073 · Cited by 11
The R-Process Alliance: Hunting for gold in the near-UV spectrum of 2MASS J05383296–5904280
Hansen, T. T., Roederer, I. U., Shah, S., Ezzeddine, R., Beers, T. C., Frebel, A., Holmbeck, E. M., Placco, V. M., Sakari, C. M., Ji, A. P., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554123 · Cited by 5
TOI-6478 b: a cold underdense Neptune transiting a fully convective M dwarf from the thick disc
Scott, M. G., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Barkaoui, K., Sebastian, D., Burgasser, A. J., Collins, K. A., Dransfield, G., Hellier, C., Howell, S. B., Piette, A. A. A., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf684 · Cited by 5
Exploring substructures in the Milky Way halo
Berni, L. A., Spina, L., Magrini, L., Massari, D., Schiappacasse-Ulloa, J., & Giribaldi, R. E. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555272 · Cited by 5
Bar-driven Streaming Motions Mimic a Massive Bulge in the Inner Milky Way
Baba, J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf2a3 · Cited by 5
Constructing a Pristine View of Extended Globular Cluster Structure
Kuzma, P. B., Ishigaki, M. N., Kirihara, T., & Ogami, I. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aded8e · Cited by 5
Local dark matter density from Gaia DR3 K-dwarfs using Gaussian processes
Söding, L., Bartel, R. L., & Mertsch, P. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1391 · Cited by 5
Measurement of Substructure from the Kinematics of the GD-1 Stellar Stream
Nibauer, J., Bonaca, A., Price-Whelan, A. M., Spergel, D. N., & Greene, J. E. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae6776 · Cited by 5
Sheng, Y., Ting, Y.-S., & Xue, X.-X. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1780 · Cited by 5
Leo, M. D., Zoccali, M., Carvajal, J. A. O., Acosta-Tripailao, B., Gran, F., & Ramos, R. C. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556235 · Cited by 5
Xu, Y., Liu, C., Li, Z., Tian, H., Bird, S., Newberg, H. J., Shao, S., & Deng, L. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acefc0 · Cited by 5
Dynamical traceback age of the Octans young stellar association
Galli, P. A. B., Miret-Roig, N., Bouy, H., Olivares, J., & Barrado, D. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449549 · Cited by 5
Radio and gamma-ray timing of TRAPUM L-band Fermi pulsar survey discoveries
Burgay, M., Nieder, L., Clark, C. J., Freire, P. C. C., Buchner, S., Thongmeearkom, T., Turner, J. D., Carli, E., Cognard, I., Grießmeier, J. ‐., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451530 · Cited by 5
Intertwined formation of H2, dust, and stars in cosmological simulations
Ragone-Figueroa, C., Granato, G. L., Parente, M., Murante, G., Valentini, M., Borgani, S., & Maio, U. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451344 · Cited by 5
Vienneau, E., Evans, A. J., Hartl, O. V., Bozorgnia, N., Strigari, L. E., Riley, A. H., & Shipp, N. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/10/019 · Cited by 5
“We find that the range of circular velocities, v c = GM ( r ) /r at the Solar position for each host analogue is in the range [233 − 270] km/s, which is consistent with the observed value [37].”
Dantas, M. L. L., Smiljanić, R., de Souza, R. S., Tissera, P. B., & Magrini, L. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453034 · Cited by 5
Dark matter spiral arms in Milky Way-like halos
Bernet, M., Ramos, P., Antoja, T., Debattista, V. P., Weinberg, M. D., Amarante, J. A. S., Grand, R. J. J., Jiménez-Arranz, Ó., Laporte, C. F. P., Petersen, M. S., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554458 · Cited by 5
Radio lines from accreting axion stars
Maseizik, D., Mondal, S., Seong, H., & Günter Sigl, A. (2025) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/05/033 · Cited by 5
“We approximate v vir ( r ) ≃ 239 km / s [65–68] as a constant throughout this work, which is valid over the relevant radial range from 1 kpc to O (100) kpc .”
The dynamical impact of cosmic rays in the Rhea magnetohydrodynamic simulations
Kjellgren, K. I., Girichidis, P., Göller, J., Brucy, N., Klessen, R. S., Treß, R. G., Soler, J. D., Pfrommer, C., Werhahn, M., Glover, S. C. O., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553754 · Cited by 5
Determination of Sodium Abundance Ratio from Low-resolution Stellar Spectra and Its Applications
Koo, J., Lee, Y. S., Park, H.-J., Kim, Y. K., & Beers, T. C. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3423 · Cited by 5
The Substructures in the Anticenter Region of the Milky Way
Zhang, Z. C., Shi, W. B., Chen, Y., Zhao, G., Carrell, K., & Zhang, H.-P. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7231 · Cited by 5
All-sky Kinematics and Chemistry of Monoceros Stellar Overdensity
Borbolato, L., Perottoni, H. D., Rossi, S., Limberg, G., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Anders, F., Antoja, T., Laporte, C. F. P., Rocha–Pinto, H. J., & Santucci, R. M. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad02fb · Cited by 5
Somawanshi, D., Bhattacharya, S., Kataria, M., & Kobayashi, C. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1392 · Cited by 5
Self-consistent modelling of the Milky Way structure using live potentials
Durán-Camacho, E., Duarte-Cabral, A., Pettitt, A. R., Treß, R. G., Clark, P. C., Klessen, R. S., Bogue, K. R. J., Smith, R. J., & Sormani, M. C. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1469 · Cited by 5
Carbon enrichment in APOGEE disk stars as evidence of mass transfer in binaries
Foster, S. K., Schiavon, R. P., de Castro, D. B., Lucatello, S., Daher, C. M., Penoyre, Z., Price-Whelan, A. M., Badenes, C., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., García-Hernández, D. A., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450014 · Cited by 6
Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter Simulations Using PopSyCLE
Pruett, K., Dawson, W. A., Medford, M. S., Lu, J. R., Lam, C. Y., Perkins, S., McGill, P., Golovich, N. R., & Chapline, G. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3df0 · Cited by 5
“We assume that Milky Way dark matter follows the halo density profile in McMillan (2016): where r is the distance from the galactic center (in the galactocentric coordinate frame), γ is the halo inner density slope, r s is the scale radius of the halo, and ρ 0 is the halo characteristic density.”
BackgroundAn Alternative Channel to Black Hole Low-mass X-Ray Binaries: Dynamical Friction of Dark Matter?
Qin, K., & Chen, W. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5be0 · Cited by 5
Icarus Revisited: An Ancient, Metal-poor Accreted Stellar Stream in the Disk of the Milky Way
Fiorentin, P. R., Spagna, A., Lattanzi, M. G., Cignoni, M., & Vitali, S. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad8887 · Cited by 5
The elderly among the oldest: new evidence for extremely metal-poor RR Lyrae stars
D’Orazi, V., Braga, V. F., Bono, G., Fabrizio, M., Fiorentino, G., Storm, N., Pietrinferni, A., Sneden, C. A., Sánchez-Benavente, M., Monelli, M., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453202 · Cited by 5
Origin of the System of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way—Gaia eDR3 Edition
Massari, D. (2025) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/adc375 · Cited by 5
Nearby stellar substructures in the Galactic halo from DESI Milky Way Survey Year 1 Data Release
Kim, B., Koposov, S. E., Li, T. S., Lilleengen, S., Cooper, A. P., Carrillo, A., Valluri, M., Riley, A. H., Han, J., Aguilar, J., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf705 · Cited by 5
J-PLUS: characterization of high-velocity stars in the second data release
Quispe-Huaynasi, F., Roig, F., Daflon, S., Pereira, C. B., Placco, V. M., Jiménez-Esteban, F., Galindo-Guil, F. J., Álvarez-Candal, A., Alcaniz, J. S., Angulo, R. E., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1230 · Cited by 5
Helmi, A., van Leeuwen, F., McMillan, P. J., Massari, D., Antoja, T., Robin, A. C., Lindegren, L., Bastian, U., Arenou, F., Babusiaux, C., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832698e · Cited by 5
Self-citationMillisecond Pulsars in M2: New Discoveries and a Detailed Timing Analysis
Li, B., Liu, K., Wang, L., Lan, S., Freire, P. C. C., Zhao, P., Zhang, L., Liu, Z.-W., Qian, L., Jiang, W., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf969 · Cited by 4
Constraining the Milky Way dark matter halo with LMC-induced reflex motion
Yaaqib, R., Petersen, M. S., & Peñarrubia, J. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1846 · Cited by 4
Rare find: Discovery and chemo-dynamical properties of two s-process-enhanced RR Lyrae stars
D’Orazi, V., Iorio, G., Cseh, B., Sneden, C., Abdollahi, H., Molnar, L., Bobrick, A., Bono, G., Braga, V. F., Karakas, A., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557188 · Cited by 4
A vertically orientated dark matter halo marks a flip of the Galactic disc
Ling, Z., Cai, R., Kang, X., Xue, X.-X., Yang, C., Zhang, L., Mao, S., & Liu, C. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557613 · Cited by 4
Davis, H., Tepper-García, T., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Agertz, O. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2166 · Cited by 4
On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. VIII. Early Formation of the Galactic Spheroid*
Bono, G., Braga, V. F., Fabrizio, M., Tantalo, M., Villagra, K. B., Crestani, J., D’Orazi, V., Dall’Ora, M., Criscienzo, M. D., Fiorentino, G., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2c60 · Cited by 5
Characterizing the 3D Structure of Molecular Cloud Envelopes in the Cloud Factory Simulations
Mullens, E., Zucker, C., Murray, C. E., & Smith, R. J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad306a · Cited by 4
Sante, A., Font, A. S., Ortega‐Martorell, S., Olier, I., & McCarthy, I. G. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1398 · Cited by 5
Temporal Evolution of the Radial Distribution of Milky Way Satellite Galaxies
Patel, E., Chatur, L., & Mao, Y.-Y. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad87ee · Cited by 4
Unveiling VVV/WISE Mira variables on the far side of the Galactic disk
Albarracín, R., Zoccali, M., Carvajal, J. O., Rojas-Arriagada, Á., Minniti, J. H., Catelan, M., Leo, M. D., Gran, F., Ramos, R. C., Navarro, Á. V., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452041 · Cited by 4
Open cluster members in APOGEE DR17
Guerço, R., Souto, D., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Daflon, S., Cunha, K., Sales-Silva, J. V., Loaiza-Tacuri, V., Smith, V. V., Ortigoza-Urdaneta, M., & Roriz, M. P. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555040 · Cited by 4
Counting Mass with Gaia: Mass Density of Stars and Stellar Remnants in the Solar Neighborhood
Lutsenko, A., B, G. C. A., Korchagin, V. I., Tkachenko, R., & Vieira, K. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adec66 · Cited by 4
“In later works (McMillan 2016, 2017) slightly different best-fit parameters were re-ported that result in a local midplane density of around 0 .”
Einstein@Home Searches for Gamma-Ray Pulsars in the Inner Galaxy
Clark, C. J., Mauro, M. D., Wu, J., Allen, B., Behnke, O., Eggenstein, H.-B., Machenschalk, B., Nieder, L., Parkinson, P. M. S., Ashok, A., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0b5c · Cited by 4
Can tides explain the low dark matter density in Fornax?
Genina, A., Read, J. I., Fattahi, A., & Frenk, C. S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3526 · Cited by 4
Synthesis of radioactive elements in novae and supernovae and their use as a diagnostic tool
Isern, J., Hernanz, M., Bravo, E., Grebenev, S. A., Jean, P., Renaud, M., Siegert, T., & Vink, J. (2020) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2020.101606 · Cited by 4
“In the case of the Milky Way, these figures are 0.54 SNIa, 0.76 SE-SN and 2.54 SNII per century assuming that the Galaxy is a Sbc type and its stellar mass (6.4± 0.6)× 1010 M (McMillan, 2017).”
MethodInfluentialThe Chemodynamical Nature of the Triangulum–Andromeda Overdensity
Abuchaim, Y., Perottoni, H. D., Rossi, S., Limberg, G., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Santucci, R. M., Placco, V. M., Sales-Silva, J. V., Anders, F., & Rocha–Pinto, H. J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc9bc · Cited by 4
A new understanding of the Gemini-Monoceros X-ray enhancement from discoveries with eROSITA
Knıes, J., Sasaki, M., Becker, W., Liu, T., Ponti, G., & Plucinsky, P. P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348834 · Cited by 4
Distler, A., Soares-Furtado, M., Vanderburg, A. M., Schulte, J., Becker, J., Mann, A. W., Howell, S. B., Kraus, A. L., Kerr, R. M. P., Barkaoui, K., et al. (2025) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ada26a · Cited by 4
Das, J., Roy, J., Freire, P. C. C., Ransom, S. M., Bhattacharyya, B., Adámek, K., Armour, W., Kudale, S. S., & Muley, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade052 · Cited by 4
Hattori, K., Taniguchi, D., Tsujimoto, T., Matsunaga, N., Sameshima, H., Elgueta, S. S., & Otsubo, S. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade78a · Cited by 4
Minimum-entropy Constraints on Galactic Potentials
Silva, L. J. B. E., Valluri, M., Vasiliev, E., Hattori, K., Pedra, W. D. S., & Daniel, K. J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf1e3 · Cited by 4
Estimating the Initial Mass of the Gaia–Enceladus Dwarf Galaxy with a Chemical Evolution Model
Plevne, O., & Akbaba, F. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adfd5e · Cited by 4
Gudin, D., Shank, D., Beers, T. C., Yuan, Z., Limberg, G., Roederer, I. U., Placco, V. M., Holmbeck, E. M., Dietz, S., Rasmussen, K. C., et al. (2020) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 4
Time Evolution of a Cometary Spear of the Sun
Tutukov, A. V., Сизова, М. Д., & Vereshchagin, S. V. (2021) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s1063772921040089 · Cited by 4
Griv, E., Gedalin, M., Mróz, P., Liu, D., & Jiang, I. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2971 · Cited by 4
Facchinetti, G., Stref, M., Lacroix, T., Lavalle, J., Pérez-Romero, J., Maurin, D. A., & Sánchez-Conde, M. Á. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/02/004 · Cited by 4
Dark sector domain walls could explain the observed planes of satellites
Naik, A. P., & Burrage, C. (2022) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/08/020 · Cited by 4
A Dwarf Galaxy Debris Stream Associated with Palomar 1 and the Anticenter Stream
Yang, Y., Zhao, J., Ye, X., Zhao, G., & Tan, K. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acbb5c · Cited by 4
The Pristine survey – XXI. Exploring the metal-poor boundary with ESPaDoNS
Lombardo, L., Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., François, P., Jablonka, P., Kordopatis, G., Martin, N. F., Starkenburg, E., Yuan, Z., Sbordone, L., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1291 · Cited by 4
Tokiwa, A., Takada, M., Qiu, T., Yasuda, N., Komiyama, Y., Chiba, M., & Hayashi, K. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2422 · Cited by 4
SDSS-IV MaNGA: Ionization Sources of the Extra-planar Diffuse Ionized Gas
Постникова, В. К., & Bizyaev, D. (2023) · Astronomy Letters · doi:10.1134/s1063773723040047 · Cited by 4
Globular clusters and bar: captured or not captured?
Smirnov, A. A., Bajkova, A. T., & Бобылев, В. В. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae029 · Cited by 4
Grønnow, A., Fraternali, F., Marinacci, F., Pezzulli, G., Tolstoy, E., Helmi, A., & Brown, A. G. A. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae073 · Cited by 4
The temperature of the neutral interstellar medium in the Galaxy
Patra, N. N., & Roy, N. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae771 · Cited by 4
Destruction of the central black hole gas reservoir through head-on galaxy collisions
Miki, Y., Mori, M., & Kawaguchi, T. (2021) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01286-9 · Cited by 4
Dark matter effect attributed to the inherent structure of cosmic space
Tenev, T. G., & Horstemeyer, M. F. (2019) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271819500822 · Cited by 4
A study of full space motions of outer Galactic disc A and F stars in two deep pencil beams
Harris, A., Drew, J. E., & Monguió, M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz442 · Cited by 4
“We adopt for these the values of McMillan (2017): U = 8.6 ± 0.9 km s−1, V = 13.9 ± 1 km s−1, W = 7.1± 1.0 km s−1, Vg, = 247± 3 km s−1, and distance of the Sun to the Galactic centre R0 = 8.20 ± 0.09. c© 2019 RAS, MNRAS 000, 1–12”
InfluentialThe Inflow and Outflow Rate Evolution of Local Milky Way–mass Star-forming Galaxies since z = 1.3
Pan, Z., Peng, Y., Zheng, X., Wang, J., & Kong, X. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab11c2 · Cited by 4
An unusual transient following the short GRB 071227
Eyles-Ferris, R. A. J., O'Brien, P. T., Wiersema, K., Starling, R. L. C., Gompertz, B. P., Lamb, G. P., Lyman, J. D., Levan, A. J., Rosswog, S., & Tanvir, N. R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2040 · Cited by 4
“Tbabs and ztbabs apply interstellar medium (ISM) absorption corrections to the X-ray, with tbabs correcting for the Milky Way and ztbabs correcting for the host and its redshift (Wilms et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- McMillan, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- McMillan, Paul J.
- ORCID
- McMillan, Paul J.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-10-26
- Volume
- 465
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-94
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2485876312
- Cited by
- 1,099
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 30.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way mass distribution, gravitational potential, dark matter halos, stellar mass, virial mass, local dark matter density, local standard of rest, halo density profiles, gas discs, orbit integration, axial symmetry
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