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The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
We present mass models of the Milky Way created to fit observational constraints and to be consistent with expectations from theoretical modelling. The method used to create these models is that demonstrated in our previous study, and we improve on those models by adding gas discs to the potential, considering the effects of allowing the inner slope of the halo density profile to vary, and including new observations of maser sources in the Milky Way amongst the new constraints. We provide a best-fitting model, as well as estimates of the properties of the Milky Way. Under the assumptions in our main model, we find that the Sun is R0 = 8.20 ± 0.09 kpc from the Galactic Centre, with the circular speed at the Sun being v0 = 232.8 ± 3.0 km s−1; and that the Galaxy has a total stellar mass of (54.3 ± 5.7) × 109 M⊙, a total virial mass of (1.30 ± 0.30) × 1012 M⊙ and a local dark-matter density of 0.40 ± 0.04 GeV cm−3, where the quoted uncertainties are statistical. These values are sensitive to our choice of priors and constraints. We investigate systematic uncertainties, which in some cases may be larger. For example, if we weaken our prior on R0, we find it to be 7.97 ± 0.15 kpc and that v0 = 226.8 ± 4.2 km s−1. We find that most of these properties, including the local dark-matter density, are remarkably insensitive to the assumed power-law density slope at the centre of the dark-matter halo. We find that it is unlikely that the local standard of rest differs significantly from that found under assumptions of axisymmetry. We have made code to compute the force from our potential, and to integrate orbits within it, publicly available.
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“Such studies argue that the Galactic halo has a very high concentration, typically ∼ 14 or higher”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This stellar mass is in good agreement with estimates for the MW (e.g. Bovy & Rix 2013; McMillan 2017, and Section 5)”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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“and even more flexible formulae, such as the generalised NFW profile (gNFW, which has been used to model the MW halo - McMillan 2017; Karukes et al. 2019b), struggle to describe the radial profile of the contracted halo.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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“They correspond to an HI mass of 1 . 1 × 10 10 M ⊙ and a molecular gas mass of 10 percent of the HI mass.”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as McMillan 2017
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Cites
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“As a test, we have also used the affine invariant MCMC sampler proposed byGoodman & Weare(2010), and packaged asemcee by Foreman-Mackey et al.(2013), to explore the pdf of some of our models, and found essentially identical results.”
ResultSEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE(WMAP) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
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“The critical density is ρcrit = 3H2 8πG (6) where we takeH = 70.4 km s−1 Mpc−1 from Komatsu et al.(2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
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THE SEVENTH DATA RELEASE OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY
Abazajian, K. N., Adelman-McCarthy, J. K., Agüeros, M. A., Allam, S. S., Prieto, C. A., An, D., Anderson, K. S. J., Anderson, S. F., Annis, J., Bahcall, N. A., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/182/2/543 · Cited by 5,341 · cited 1×
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MethodSimulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars
Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Jenkins, A. R., Frenk, C. S., Yoshida, N., Gao, L., Navarro, J. F., Thacker, R. J., Croton, D., Helly, J. C., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03597 · Cited by 5,060 · cited 1×
“The relationship betweenM∗ and Mv was determined by ‘abundance matching’ of the galaxy stellar masses found byLi & White (2009) with the halo virial masses found in the Millennium simulations (Springel et al. 2005; Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2009).”
MethodEnsemble samplers with affine invariance
Goodman, J. B., & Weare, J. (2010) · Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science · doi:10.2140/camcos.2010.5.65 · Cited by 3,075
corner.py: Scatterplot matrices in Python
Foreman-Mackey, D. T. (2016) · The Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.00024 · Cited by 2,183 · cited 1×
“The corner plots were created with thecorner.py package (Foreman-Mackey 2016).”
MethodLocal kinematics and the local standard of rest
Schönrich, R. A., Binney, J. J., & Dehnen, W. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16253.x · Cited by 1,934 · cited 5×
“…a R0 in an axisymmetric approximation of the true potential (i.e. what we find in this study), and the velocity of a closed orbit,and therefore a theoretical 0 km s−1 dispersion population, in the Solar neighbourhood (which is what is found by local measurementslike that of Schönrich et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Unit conversions and collected numbers in cosmologyPreprint
Tomberg, E. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.12251 · Cited by 4
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The spheroidal bulge of the Milky Way: Chemodynamically distinct from the inner-thick disc and bar
Nepal, S., Chiappini, C., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Queiroz, A. B. A., Souza, S. O., Steinmetz, M., Anders, F., Khalatyan, A., Barbuy, B., & Guiglion, G. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556326 · Cited by 3
Lost Sisters Found: TESS and Gaia Reveal a Dissolving Pleiades Complex
Boyle, A. W., Bouma, L. G., & Mann, A. W. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0724 · Cited by 3
On the baryon budget in the X-ray-emitting circumgalactic medium of Milky Way-mass galaxies
Zhang, Y., Shreeram, S., Ponti, G., Comparat, J., Merloni, A., Qu, Z., Li, J., Bregman, J. N., & Fang, T. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556835 · Cited by 6
The glow of Axion Quark Nugget Dark Matter. Part III. The mysteries of the Milky Way UV background
Sekatchev, M., Liang, X., Majidi, F., Scully, B., Waerbeke, L. V., & ZHITNITSKY, A. R. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/03/010 · Cited by 3
“8.20 0.09 kpc [34] Table 1 .”
InfluentialoMEGACat. X. Shedding Light on the Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy of Omega Centauri
Souza, S. O., Neumayer, N., Seth, A. C., Wang, Z., Clontz, C., Häberle, M., Nitschai, M. S., Smith, P. J., Matsuno, T., Guiglion, G., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae930a · Cited by 3
Alemanno, F., An, Q., Azzarello, P., Barbato, F. C. T., Bernardini, P., Bi, X.-J., Boutin, H. V., Cagnoli, I., Cai, M., Casilli, E., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae58a1 · Cited by 3
Evidence of a massive accretion event 1.8 billion years before the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger
Massari, D., Zerbinati, C., Fanelli, C., Helmi, A., Ceccarelli, E., Agelet, F. A., Cassisi, S., Wempe, E., Monelli, M., Bellini, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-026-02931-5 · Cited by 3
“To compute these, we used a Galactic mass model that included a rotating bar 20,44 and computed the averages over 200 orbits.”
M dwarf spectral indices at moderate resolution: accurate Teff and [Fe/H] for 178 southern stars
Costa-Almeida, E., de Mello, G. F. P., Giribaldi, R. E., Lorenzo-Oliveira, D., & Ubaldo-Melo, M. L. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2831 · Cited by 3
Machine Learning the Dark Matter Halo Mass of Milky Way-Like Systems
Hayati, E., Behroozi, P., & Patel, E. (2024) · The Open Journal of Astrophysics · doi:10.33232/001c.116178 · Cited by 3
Dark matter limits from the tip of the red giant branch of globular clusters
Hong, H., & Vincent, A. C. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.103011 · Cited by 3
On the Andromeda-Milky Way Future Encounter: Thrice Faster Over Time
Trinchera, A. (2024) · International Journal of Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.11648/j.ijass.20241201.12 · Cited by 3
Metal-THINGS: The Milky Way twin candidate NGC 3521
Pilyugin, L. S., Lara-López, M. A., Tautvaišienė, G., Zinchenko, I. A., Garduño, L. E., Rossi, M. E. D., Zaragoza-Cardiel, J., Dib, S., & Valé, G. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452605 · Cited by 3
The Vertical Metallicity Gradient of the Galactic Disk for Mono-age Stellar Populations in LAMOST
Long, G. M., Yuan, H., Xu, S., Wang, C., Zhang, R., & Huang, B. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbf93 · Cited by 3
Xie, X., Shi, J., Yan, H.-L., Chen, T.-Y., Prieto, C. A., Beers, T. C., Jin, S., Liu, S., Li, C., Zhou, Z., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc807 · Cited by 3
Di, H., Yi, Z., Shi, H., & Gong, Y. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14270-2 · Cited by 3
Searching for new hypervelocity stars with Gaia DR3 and VLT/FORS2 spectroscopy
Carballo-Bello, J. A., Ramos, P., Corral-Santana, J. M., Navarrete, C., Antoja, T., Gran, F., Blaña, M., & Mora, M. D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554784 · Cited by 3
Dattathri, S., van den Bosch, F. C., Weinberg, M. D., & Banik, U. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0623 · Cited by 3
Pagnini, G., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., Bianchini, P., Ferrone, S. M., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Agertz, O., Александрович, Х. С., Renaud, F., & Ryde, N. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557692 · Cited by 3
Feng, F., & Jones, H. R. A. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty3333 · Cited by 3
“Since the bulge, disk, and halo parameters are determined with about 10%, 20%, and 50% uncertainty from pre-DR2 data Bland-Hawthorn & Gerhard (2016); McMillan (2017), we adopt these 10%, 10%, 20%, and 50% uncertainties of the mean parameter values as the uncertainties of model parameters.”
MethodThe K supergiant runaway star HD 137071
Comerón, F., & Figueras, F. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038136 · Cited by 3
“Our results remain essentially unchanged when the Galactic potential of McMillan (2017) is used, which sets the Galactic plane crossing at the slightly later time of 30 Myr ago.”
ResultGalactic orbital effects on pulsar timing
Heflin, K., & Lieu, R. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab703 · Cited by 3
“McMillan (2016) proposed a Galactic model comprised of six components.”
Background3D Kinematics of Stellar SiO Masers in the Galactic Center
Paine, J., & Darling, J. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac3a87 · Cited by 4
“The first is a dark matter halo based on a generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile, using the main model parameters of McMillan (2016): a slope index of γ = 1, scale radius of rs = 18.8 kpc, local dark matter density of ρ = 0.0101 M pc −3, and distance to the GC of R0 = 8.2 kpc.”
MethodInfluentialSilva, D. D. B., Jofré, P., Bourbert, D., Koposov, S. E., Prieto, J. L., & Hawkins, K. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3364 · Cited by 3
Probing non-thermal light DM with structure formation and $N_\mathrm{eff}$Preprint
Baumholzer, S., & Schwaller, P. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/06/013
“50 MMW [1012 M ] [62] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [77]”
Eckner, C., Calore, F., Erkal, D., Lilleengen, S., & Petersen, M. S. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3340 · Cited by 3
Comparing simulated Milky Way satellite galaxies with observations using unsupervised clustering
Chen, L., Hartwig, T., Klessen, R. S., & Glover, S. C. O. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2897 · Cited by 3
Investigating the vertical distribution of the disk as a function of radial action
Jia, Y., Chen, Y., Du, C., & Zhao, G. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142977 · Cited by 3
Very Metal-poor Stars in the Solar Vicinity: Kinematics and Abundance Analysis
Plotnikova, A., B, G. C. A., Villanova, S. N., & Ortolani, S. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc458 · Cited by 3
Hu, G., Shao, Z., & Li, L. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd058 · Cited by 3
Back to the present: A general treatment for the tidal field from the wake of dynamical friction
Kipper, R., Tenjes, P., Benito, M., Veena, P. G., Triantafyllaki, A. N., Vurm, I., Muru, M. M., Einasto, M., & Tempel, E. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347235 · Cited by 3
The Origin of High-velocity Stars Considering the Impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Liao, J., Du, C., Deng, M., Ye, D., Li, H., Huang, Y., Shi, J., & Ma, J. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad18c4 · Cited by 3
New insights on the dynamics of satellite galaxies: Effects of the figure rotation of a host galaxy
Sato, G., & Chiba, M. (2024) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psae026 · Cited by 3
Vernhe, I. G. R. D. L., Hill, V., Kordopatis, G., Gran, F., Fernández-Alvar, E., Arentsen, A., Thomas, G. F., Sestito, F., Navarrete, C., Martin, N. F., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450513 · Cited by 3
Using dust to constrain dark matter models
Ussing, A. J., Paun, R. A. M., Croton, D., Bœhm, C., Duffy, A. R., & Power, C. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2262 · Cited by 3
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Signatures of simulated spiral arms on radial actions
Palicio, P. A., Recio-Blanco, A., Tepper-García, T., Poggio, E., Peirani, S., Dubois, Y., McMillan, P. J., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., Kraljic, K., & Barbillon, M. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453611 · Cited by 3
Self-citationConsistencies and inconsistencies in redshift-independent distances
Nájera, J. A., & Desmond, H. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1005 · Cited by 3
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“6)×1042 Kg [23], diameter dG=2rG=175(±25)×10 3 ly=53.”
The historical record of massive star formation in Cygnus
Comerón, F., Djupvik, A. A., Schneider, N., & Pasquali, A. (2020) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039188/pdf · Cited by 3
New Bounds for the Mass of Warm Dark Matter Particles Using Results from Fermionic King Model
Velázquez, L. (2021) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe7080308 · Cited by 3
Indirect Dark Matter Searches with the ANTARES and KM3NeT Neutrino Telescopes
Lopez-Coto, D., & Navas, S. (2022) · European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP) · doi:10.22323/1.398.0174 · Cited by 3
Koppelman, H. H., & Helmi, A. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038777/pdf · Cited by 3
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“The DM halo profile is borrowed from [11] with a galacto-centric distance ' of 8.”
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An Inward-moving and Asymmetric Velocity Wave Detected in LAMOST-Gaia
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Exploring the Galactic potential: Insights from cosmological simulations of the Milky Way
Smirnov, A. A., Bajkova, A. T., Bobylev, V. V., & Zozulia, V. D. (2025) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/bhk9-63cb · Cited by 2
Dark matter-induced low-mass gap black hole echoing LVK observations
Ge, S., Liu, Y., Shu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2026/01/052 · Cited by 3
A value-added catalogue of neural network-based europium abundances for GALAH DR4
Kane, S. G., Kaczmarek, Z., Garner, A., Buder, S., & Monty, S. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag209 · Cited by 2
Low-mass stars dominate the hot (0.7 keV) Galactic X-ray emission
Ponti, G., Yeung, M. C. H., Stel, G., Locatelli, N. T., Zheng, X., Stelzer, B., Merloni, A., Caramazza, M., Magaudda, E., Sasaki, M., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556925 · Cited by 2
A Catalog of 486 Barium Stars Identified in GALAH DR4
Yang, G., Zhao, J., Liu, N., Hou, X., Lei, Z., Ye, X., & Zhao, G. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae4022 · Cited by 2
Coevolution of Nuclear Star Clusters and Massive Black Holes: Extreme-mass-ratio Inspirals
Zhang, F., & Amaro‐Seoane, P. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae3ca3 · Cited by 2
A Tale of Two Origins: In Situ versus Accreted Nitrogen-rich Field Stars in the MW
Qiao, Y., Tang, B., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Jian, M., Prieto, C. A., Yan, H.-L., Yuan, Z., Huang, Y., Masseron, T., Barbuy, B., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae4c3b · Cited by 2
Discovery of Galactic-centre-ejected star in DESI DR1
Cavieres, M., Koposov, S. E., Rossi, E. M., Penoyre, Z., & Verberne, S. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659104 · Cited by 2
Lambert, M., Rockosi, C. M., Koposov, S. E., Li, T. J., Valluri, M., Silva, L. J. B. E., Li, S. X., Amarante, J. A. S., Byström, A., Medina, G. E., et al. (2026) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ae5100 · Cited by 2
Not all nitrogen-rich field stars originate from globular clusters
Leitinger, E. I., Miglio, A., Montalbán, J., Massari, D., Bragaglia, A., van Rossem, W. E., Brogaard, K., Mazzi, A., Thomsen, J. S., & Willett, E. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202558003 · Cited by 2
The Hubble Missing Globular Cluster Survey
Libralato, M., Bellini, A., Massari, D., Bellazzini, M., Aguado-Agelet, F., Cassisi, S., Ceccarelli, E., Dalessandro, E., Dodd, E., Ferraro, F. R., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659363 · Cited by 2
Quantifying the Milky Way, LMC and their interaction using all-sky kinematics of outer halo stars
Brooks, R. A. N., Sanders, J. L., Dillamore, A. M., Garavito-Camargo, N., Chandra, V., Price-Whelan, A. M., & Cargile, P. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag926 · Cited by 2
GSE versus LMC: reshaping of radially biased stellar haloes by satellites
Dillamore, A. M., Sanders, J. L., & Brooks, R. A. N. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1110 · Cited by 2
Gaia DR2 and EDR3 data and evolutionary status of post-AGB stars with high radial velocities
Aoki, W., Matsuno, T., & Parthasarathy, M. (2022) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psac074 · Cited by 2
Resonant Effects of a Bar on the Galactic Disk Kinematics Perpendicular to Its Plane
Korchagin, V. I., Lutsenko, A., Tkachenko, R., B, G. C. A., & Vieira, K. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11050097 · Cited by 2
“We adopt the axisymmetric model of the Galactic potential from [41], which includes potentials of the bulge, the thin and the thick disks, the gravitational potentials of the gaseous ( H 1 and H 2 ) disks, and the gravitational potential of the dark matter halo.”
MethodGao, Y., Li, H., Zhang, X., Su, M., & Ng, C. ‐. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3585 · Cited by 2
Visit Nearby Halo Substructures Using LAMOST DR9 MRS Data
唐, X.-Z. 馨. T., 赵, J.-K. 景. Z., 杨, Y. 勇. Y., Ye, X., Zhao, G., & 高, Q. 启. G. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3240 · Cited by 2
Bernadich, M. C. I., Krishnan, V. V., Champion, D. J., Freire, P. C. C., Krämer, M., Tauris, T. M., Bailes, M., Ridolfi, A., Lower, M. E., & Serylak, M. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450724 · Cited by 2
The accreted galaxy: An overview of TESS metal-poor accreted star candidates
Silva, D. D. B., Jofré, P., Worley, C. C., Hawkins, K., & Das, P. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450610 · Cited by 2
Remote sensing of backward reflection from stimulated axion decay
Homma, K. (2024) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep09(2024)034 · Cited by 2
Stellar substructures in the Galactic disc and halo: Properties, origins, and evolution
Deepak (2024) · Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s12036-024-10011-1 · Cited by 2
Rotation of the Milky Way Halo in the Solar Vicinity Based on GAIA DR3 Catalog
Tkachenko, R., Bryndina, A. P., Zhmailova, A. B., & Korchagin, V. I. (2024) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s1063772924700677 · Cited by 2
Can Supernovae from Runaway Stars Mimic the Signs of Absorbing “Supervirial” Gas?
Bisht, M. S., Banerjee, P., Nath, B. B., & Shchekinov, Y. A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad77be · Cited by 2
Beordo, W., Crosta, M., & Lattanzi, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/12/024 · Cited by 2
“30) × 10 12 M ⊙ found by [23] and the values in [1] for the virial mass of the MWC model, significantly higher than those reported by some authors [19, 24, The BG and MOND density profiles are consistent with both the baryonic and total density profiles of the classical models (MWC and ΛCDM).”
Orbital dynamics in galactic potentials under mass transfer
Illés, E., Jánosi, D., & Kovács, T. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348274 · Cited by 2
Tidal disruption events as the origin of the eROSITA and Fermi bubbles
Scheffler, T., Schulreich, M. M., Schurer, D. P. P. R., & Breitschwerdt, D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451965 · Cited by 2
The Impact of the Galactic Bar and the Large Magellanic Cloud on Hypervelocity Star Trajectories
Armstrong, I., Evans, F. A., & Bovy, J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc449 · Cited by 2
Liu, H., Du, C., Donlon, T., & Deng, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc8a8 · Cited by 2
Barth, N., Méndez, D. I., Ezzeddine, R., Lu, Y., Morales, L. M., Claytor, Z. R., & Tayar, J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adccbc · Cited by 2
Halo-dependent anharmonic effects in collective excitation for light dark matter direct detection
Guo, J., Wu, L., & Zhu, B. (2025) · Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s11433-024-2639-3 · Cited by 2
Machado, R. E. G., Tauil, G. C., & Schweder-Souza, N. (2025) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe11060191 · Cited by 2
The Galactic bulge exploration
Prudil, Z., Debattista, V. P., Silva, L. J. B. E., Anderson, S. R., Gough-Kelly, S., Kunder, A., Rejkuba, M., Gerhard, O., Wyse, R. F. Ġ., Koch, A., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554819 · Cited by 2
Deciphering the Milky Way’s star formation at cosmic noon with high proper-motion stars
An, D., Lee, Y. S., Hirai, Y., & Beers, T. C. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555510 · Cited by 2
Li, Z., Li, C., Zhao, G., Zhang, R., & Xue, X.-X. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade430 · Cited by 2
Ou, X., Necib, L., Wetzel, A. R., Frebel, A., Bailin, J., & Oeur, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0b63 · Cited by 2
Bulgeless Evolution And the Rise of Discs (BEARD)
Rosas-Guevara, Y., Méndez‐Abreu, J., de Lorenzo-Cáceres, A., Cardona–Barrero, S., Arjona-Gálvez, E., Chamorro-Cazorla, M., Corsini, E. M., Costantin, L., Cuomo, V., Cintio, A. D., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556875 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- McMillan, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- McMillan, Paul J.
- ORCID
- McMillan, Paul J.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-10-26
- Volume
- 465
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-94
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2485876312
- Cited by
- 1,099
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 165 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 126 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 30.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Milky Way mass distribution, gravitational potential, dark matter halos, stellar mass, virial mass, local dark matter density, local standard of rest, halo density profiles, gas discs, orbit integration, axial symmetry
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