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Cited by 46CO2 Sequestration and Geologic InteractionsClimate Change and GeoengineeringMarine and coastal ecosystems

Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine

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Geerts, Luna J. J., Hylén, Astrid, Meysman, Filip J. R.·2025·Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-22-355-2025

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Abstract

Marine enhanced rock weathering (mERW) is increasingly receiving attention as a marine-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology. The method aims to achieve ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) by introducing fast-weathering rocks into coastal systems. The latter is envisioned to act as a large natural biogeochemical reactor, where ambient physical and biological processes can stimulate rock dissolution, thus generating a concomitant alkalinity release and increasing the seawater's capacity to sequester CO 2 . Olivine has been put forward as the prime candidate mineral for mERW, but at present, no peer-reviewed results are available from larger-scale field studies in coastal areas, so the information about olivine dissolution in marine systems is largely derived from laboratory experiments. As a result, key uncertainties remain concerning the efficiency, CO 2 sequestration potential, and impact of olivine-based mERW under relevant field conditions. In this review, we summarize recent research advancements to bridge the gap between existing laboratory results and the real-world environment in which mERW is intended to take place. To this end, we identify the key parameters that govern the dissolution kinetics of olivine in coastal sediments and the associated CO 2 sequestration potential, which enable us to identify a number of uncertainties that still remain with respect to the implementation and upscaling of olivine-based ERW, as well as monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV). From our analysis, we conclude that the current knowledge base is not sufficient to predict the outcome of in situ mERW applications. Particularly, the impact of pore-water saturation on the olivine dissolution rate and the question of the additionality of alkalinity generation remain critical unknowns. To more confidently assess the potential and impact of olivine-based mERW, dedicated pilot studies under field conditions are needed, which should be conducted at a sufficiently large spatial scale and monitored for a long enough time with sufficient temporal resolution. Additionally, our analysis indicates that the specific sediment type of the application site (e.g., cohesive versus permeable) will be a critical factor for olivine-based mERW applications, as it will significantly impact the dissolution rate by influencing the ambient pore-water pH, saturation dynamics, and natural alkalinity generation. Therefore, future field studies should also target different coastal sediment types.

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  • Olivine may develop passivation layers that slow dissolution on relatively short timescales, and/or experience incomplete dissolution (e.g., serpentinization) on longer timescales.

    “Olivine, for example, may develop passivation layers that slow dissolution on relatively short timescales, and/or experience incomplete dissolution (e.g., serpentinization) on longer timescales. 19”

    From A framework for understanding efficiency losses of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    Section 3.1.6 (page unavailable) says passivating coatings can slow olivine dissolution, though it cautions that substantial layer formation under coastal conditions seems unlikely. Section 3.2.1 (page unavailable) describes serpentinization as an olivine alteration process, but says it is unlikely in coastal marine enhanced rock weathering; it does not establish the claimed short-versus-long timescale distinction. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Alkalinity may be lost within sediments to CaCO3 precipitation on relatively short timescales, and/or to silicate minerals (clays, i.e., reverse weathering) on longer timescales.

    “Alkalinity may be lost within sediments to CaCO3 precipitation on relatively short timescales, and/or to silicate minerals (clays, i.e., reverse weathering) on longer timescales. 19,53”

    From A framework for understanding efficiency losses of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    Section 3.2.3 says CaCO3 can precipitate in sediments and consume alkalinity. Sections 3.2 and 3.2.1 say clay formation can reduce alkalinity and identify precipitation of clay minerals as reverse weathering. These passages do not establish the claimed contrast between relatively short timescales for CaCO3 precipitation and longer timescales for clay formation; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Geerts, L. J. J., Hylén, A., & Meysman, F. J. R.
Affiliations
University of Antwerp (BE)
Corresponding author
Geerts, Luna J. J.
ORCID
Venue
Biogeosciences
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2025-01-21
Volume
22
Issue
2
Pages
355-384
ISSN
  • 1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
  • 1726-4189
DOI
10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
OpenAlex
W4406680022
Cited by
46
References
185
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 11
FWCI
12.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PUBLISSO (German National Library of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (1S08321N, 1241724N, S000619N)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
Keywords
ocean alkalinity enhancement, olivine, carbon dioxide removal, coastal sediments, pore water saturation, CO2 sequestration, monitoring, reporting and verification, sediment type

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