Cited by 124Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

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Mindfulness-based training attenuates insula response to an aversive interoceptive challenge.

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Haase, Lori, Thom, Nate J., Shukla, Akanksha, Davenport, Paul W., Simmons, Alan N., Stanley, Elizabeth A., Paulus, Martin P., Johnson, Douglas C.·2016·Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

DOI 10.1093/scan/nsu042PMC PMC4692309

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Abstract

Neuroimaging studies of mindfulness training (MT) modulate anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula among other brain regions, which are important for attentional control, emotional regulation and interoception. Inspiratory breathing load (IBL) is an experimental approach to examine how an individual responds to an aversive stimulus. Military personnel are at increased risk for cognitive, emotional and physiological compromise as a consequence of prolonged exposure to stressful environments and, therefore, may benefit from MT. This study investigated whether MT modulates neural processing of interoceptive distress in infantry marines scheduled to undergo pre-deployment training and deployment to Afghanistan. Marines were divided into two groups: individuals who received training as usual (control) and individuals who received an additional 20-h mindfulness-based mind fitness training (MMFT). All subjects completed an IBL task during functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and post-MMFT training. Marines who underwent MMFT relative to controls demonstrated a significant attenuation of right anterior insula and ACC during the experience of loaded breathing. These results support the hypothesis that MT changes brain activation such that individuals process more effectively an aversive interoceptive stimulus. Thus, MT may serve as a training technique to modulate the brain's response to negative interoceptive stimuli, which may help to improve resilience.

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Background
Neural correlates of mindfulness meditation and hypnosis on magnetic resonance imaging: similarities and differences. A scoping review.
Sim, S., Maldonado, I., Castelnau, P., Barantin, L., Hage, W. E., Andersson, F., & Cottier, J. (2023) · Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie · doi:10.1016/j.neurad.2023.11.002 · Cited by 12
The role of interoception in lifestyle factors: A systematic review
Mulder, J., Boelens, M., van der Velde, L. A., Brust, M., & Jong, J. C. K. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106018 · Cited by 14
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Military Women With Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Feasibility Study
Crisp, C. D., Hastings‐Tolsma, M., & Jonscher, K. R. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00354 · Cited by 14
Trauma, early life stress, and mindfulness in adulthood
Gibson, J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01563-6 · Cited by 19
“…insula is the hub for interoception, this finding shouldn’t be surprising as the body plays a central role in mindfulness practices [5–7 Studies have consistently shown that dispositional and trait mindfulness is linked with increased activity and cortical thickness in the insula [23–26 , 42– 45 ].”
Background
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) as sole intervention for non-somatisation chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP): protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Leung, L., Han, H., Martin, M. C., & Kotecha, J. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007650 · Cited by 12
“MBSR can also alleviate negative emotions aroused by unpleasant stimuli,(27) or, directly inhibit the brain areas that respond to aversive stimuli.(28) One study even showed that a standard 8 weeks MBSR therapy improved mild cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.”
Background
Mindfulness Training in Elite Athletes: mPEAK with BMX Cyclists
Haase, L., Kenttä, G., Hickman, S. D., Baltzell, A. L., & Paulus, M. P. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139871310.010 · Cited by 11
Neuroscience-Inspired, Behavioral Change Program for University Students
Hudziak, J. J., & Tiemeier, G. L. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.016 · Cited by 13
“The amygdala has been shown to contribute significantly to mental and emotional health, with abnormal amygdala function identified in depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, phobias, and panic disorders.(24) Moreover, mindful individuals have been shown to have smaller left and right caudate volumes, which…”
Background
Promoting Spiritual Healing by Stress Reduction Through Meditation for Employees at a Veterans Hospital: A CDC Framework–Based Program Evaluation
Freeman, R. C., Sukuan, N., Tota, N. M., Bell, S. M., Harris, A. G., & Wang, H. (2019) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079919874795 · Cited by 12
“among active-duty Marines preparing for deployment (Haase et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2014).”
Intolerance of Uncertainty and Cognition in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Mediating Role of Anxiety
Yang, Y., Gorka, S. M., Pennell, M. L., Weinhold, K. R., & Orchard, T. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15123105 · Cited by 11
Functional brain anatomy of exercise regulation
Lutz, K. (2018) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.006 · Cited by 12
Effects of meditation on neural responses to pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fMRI studies
Fan, C., Wu, M., Liu, H., Chen, X., Zhen, G., Zhao, X., Zhou, J., & Jiang, Z. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105735 · Cited by 10
Resilience and Veteran Community Reintegration: An Exploratory Study
Castillo, E. A., Mason, J., D’Addario, A., Chow, G. M., & Tenenbaum, G. (2019) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2018.1534702 · Cited by 10
“However, recent research (Besterman- Dahan et al., 2012; De La Rosa, Webb-Murphy, & Johnston, 2016; Haase et al., 2014) has instead treated the RSES as a unidimensional measure, aggregating scores of all 22 RSES items to produce a resilience total score.”
Method
Mechanical Affective Touch Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Effects on Resting State Functional Connectivity
Gonsalves, M. A., Beck, Q. M., Fukuda, A. M., Tirrell, E., Kokdere, F., Kronenberg, E. F., Iadarola, N. D., Hagberg, S., Carpenter, L. L., & Barredo, J. (2022) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2021.10.007 · Cited by 11
Emotion Regulation and Coping in Active Military Personnel: A Systematic Review
Kirkham, R., Liu, C., Wulandari, T., Aidman, E., Yücel, M., Wiley, J. F., & Albertella, L. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70036 · Cited by 22
Countering Climate Fear with Mindfulness: A Framework for Sustainable Behavioral Change
Poonamallee, L. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17146472 · Cited by 13
Mindfulness-related differences in neural response to own infant negative versus positive emotion contexts
Laurent, H. K., Wright, D. B., & Finnegan, M. K. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.01.002 · Cited by 9
Applying P-Technique Factor Analysis to Explore Person-Specific Models of Readiness-to-Exercise
Strohacker, K. A., Keegan, R. J., Beaumont, C. T., & Zakrajsek, R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.685813 · Cited by 9
Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Enhanced Mindfulness-Based Program for Chronic Pain: a Single-Blind Randomized Sham Controlled Pilot Study
McCallion, E. A., Robinson, C. S. H., Clark, V. P., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01323-8 · Cited by 11
The model of the brain as a complex system: Interactions of physical, neural and mental states with neurocognitive functions
Scharfen, H., & Memmert, D. (2024) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2024.103700 · Cited by 10
Mindfulness for adults with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: A pilot study
Gandía-Abellán, H., Nieto, C., & García‐Rubio, C. (2022) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295221107283 · Cited by 8
“In this way, it is shown that MBIs and mindfulness practices in ﬂ uences attention, modulation, perception and response mechanism to interoceptive, proprioceptive and visceral stimuli (Farb et al., 2015; Haase et al., 2016; Luders et al., 2009).”
Method
Physical Therapists’ Perceptions of Mindfulness for Stress Reduction: An Exploratory Study
Willgens, A. M., Craig, S., DeLuca, M., DeSanto, C., Forenza, A., Kenton, T., Previte, E., Woytovich, C., & Yakimec, G. (2016) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/00001416-201630020-00009 · Cited by 7
Placebo Effects in the Context of Religious Beliefs and Practices: A Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study
Schienle, A., Gremsl, A., & Wabnegger, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.653359 · Cited by 7
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Aberrant Interoceptive Processing in Substance Use Disorders
May, A. C., Davis, C. B., Kirlić, N., & Stewart, J. L. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020279 · Cited by 7
“United States Marines who underwent a 20 h mindfulness-based training exhibited attenuated INS and ACC activity while experiencing an aversive interoceptive breathing load compared to baseline [75].”
Background
Post-intervention neuroimaging effects of psychosocial interventions aimed at promoting resilience in children and adolescents under psychological stress: A systematic review
Jawahar, N., Jawahar, B., Sayal, K. S., & Auer, D. P. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106196 · Cited by 7
“…in general decreased ACC activity during task-based fMRI in older adolescents (mean age ≥ 22 years), which mediated improved emotion via reducing thalamic activity (Mulej Bratec et al., 2020), or was associated with reduced anterior insular activity (Haase et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2014).”
Time since onset might be of essence: A recommendation to assess the effects of combination of non-pharmacological neuromodulatory approaches at early stage since symptoms onset
Agostinho, M. R., Weissman‐Fogel, I., & Treister, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1115370 · Cited by 6
Promoting salutogenic pathways to health through complementary and integrative health approaches
Quinlan, E. B., Baumgartner, J. N., Chen, W., Weber, W. J., Horgusluoglu, E., & Edwards, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1473735 · Cited by 9
Through Massage to the Brain—Neuronal and Neuroplastic Mechanisms of Massage Based on Various Neuroimaging Techniques (EEG, fMRI, and fNIRS)
Chmiel, J., & Kurpas, D. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15020909 · Cited by 9
Pain and Cognition of Breast Cancer Survivors Treated with Chemotherapy: The Mediating Role of Depression
Yang, Y., Han, J., Monroe, T. B., & Kim, S. (2024) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2024.151693 · Cited by 6
General Neural Process in Cycling Exercise
Scholler, V., Groslambert, A., Grappe, F., & Grosprêtre, S. (2022) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-022-00170-4 · Cited by 8
“The insula’s reactivity to an aversive breathing stimulus is minimal for Navy SEALs or trained adventurers, compared to normal participants [49, 104], and these abilities can be improved by mindfulnessbased training [44].”
Background
Interactive effects of stress and individual differences on alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder among personnel deployed to Guantanamo Bay
Rosa, G. M. D. L., Delaney, E. M., Webb-Murphy, J. A., & Johnston, S. L. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.016 · Cited by 5
Neural Efficiency and Ability to Produce Accurate Efforts in Different Perceived Intensity Zones
Scholler, V., Groslambert, A., Grosprêtre, S., & Grappe, F. (2021) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-021-09517-z · Cited by 5
Benefits of Interoceptive Awareness: A Correlational Study of the Distinct Sport Education Program among Slovak University Students
Uher, I., Pivovarník, J., Majherová, M., & Chovanová, E. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031607 · Cited by 4
“The authors of [42,43] argue that interoception is the foundation to mindfulness and maybe the primary mechanism by which one benefits from the practice.”
Background
Mindfulness and Objective Measures of Body Awareness: A Preregistered Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis
Schwartz, K., Ganster, F. M., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2025) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001381 · Cited by 6
Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Punishment Network Associated With Conformity
Du, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, M., Tian, X. S., & Jia Liu, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.617402 · Cited by 4
“, 2018), activation during aversive anticipation (Simmons et al., 2006; Carlson and Mujica-Parodi, 2010; Haase et al., 2014), and arousal during negative affection processing (Caria et al.”
Background
Stressed Out: The Missing Influence of Stress Arousal in Emotion's Role in Political Decision‐Making
Stanley, E. A., & Larsen, K. L. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12793 · Cited by 4
Overcoming mental fatigue through mindfulness: Improving physical and cognitive performance in elite handball players
Staiano, W., Sternberg, L. M., Ferri-Caruana, A. M., Salazar-Bonet, L. R., Romagnoli, M., Henriksen, K., & Kirk, U. (2025) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2025.08.004 · Cited by 3
Neural correlates of interoception and mindful attention on stressful events
Coninck, S. D., Aben, B., den Bussche, E. V., Overwalle, F. V., & Mariën, P. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01339-4 · Cited by 3
Embodying Stressful Events: No Difference in Subjective Arousal and Neural Correlates Related to Immersion, Interoception, and Embodied Mentalization
Coninck, S. D., Aben, B., den Bussche, E. V., Mariën, P., & Overwalle, F. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.640482 · Cited by 5
Perspective on salutogenic approaches to persistent pain with a focus on mindfulness interventions
Paley, C. A., & Johnson, M. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1188758 · Cited by 6
“Thus, better acceptance of painful or unpleasant sensations are achieved through modulation of negative appraisals of interoceptive stimuli and by promoting coping strategies (40, 53, 54).”
Background
Identification of Brain Activation Areas in Response to Active Tactile Stimulation by Gripping a Stress Ball
Sasaki, K., Sakurai, N., Yoshida, N., Oishi, M., Kasai, S., & Kodama, N. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15030264 · Cited by 3
The Science of Mindfulness: Research and Benefits
Chand, R., & Sazima, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66166-2_3 · Cited by 3
Neural mechanisms of emotion-focused interventions: A meta-analytic review of fMRI studies
Li, Y., Li, G., Liu, Y., Liu, C., & Chen, A. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121469 · Cited by 3
Habits of Mind: Mindful Awareness from a Habits Framework
Lipsett, M., Berkman, E. T., & Creswell, J. D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_5 · Cited by 2
Does Long-Term Training in a Water Immersion Environment Change Interoception?
Baba, Y., Sato, D., Otsuru, N., Ikarashi, K., Fujimoto, T., & Yamashiro, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910259 · Cited by 2

Authors: Haase, L., Thom, N. J., Shukla, A., Davenport, P. W., Simmons, A. N., Stanley, E. A., Paulus, M. P., & Johnson, D. C.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Naval Health Research Center (US)
University of Florida (US)
Georgetown University (US)
ORCID: Davenport, Paul W.
Simmons, Alan N.
Stanley, Elizabeth A.
Paulus, Martin P.
Venue: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2014-04-08
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 182-190
ISSN: 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
1749-5024
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu042
PMC: PMC4692309
OpenAlex: W2108033418
Cited by: 124
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7
FWCI: 9.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Defense
Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health
University of California, San Diego
Office of Naval Research
National Institute of Mental Health (T32-MH018399-26, MH018399, T32MH018399)
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Keywords: mindfulness training, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, interoception, emotion regulation, attentional control, military personnel, pre-deployment training, deployment stress, resilience
MeSH terms: Self-Control, Arousal, Attention, Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Emotions, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Military Personnel, Nerve Net, Resilience, Psychological, Young Adult, Mindfulness, Interoception

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Mindfulness-based training attenuates insula response to an aversive interoceptive challenge.

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