Mindfulness-based training attenuates insula response to an aversive interoceptive challenge.

“Several personality and symptom assessment questionnaires were administered at baseline and post-training including: five facets of mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006), designed to measure the five primary facets of mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experie…”

“Participant-level data were processed with Analysis of Functional Neuroimages (AFNI) software package (Cox, 1996), including temporal and spatial alignment, motion and outlier detection, concatenation, deconvolution and Talairach transformation.”

“Resilience can be conceptualized as one’s ability to positively adapt to severe stress, trauma and adversity (Luthar et al., 2000), that may help to prevent the development of psychopathology (Campbell-Sills et al.”

“Mindfulness is ‘the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment’ (Kabat-Zinn, 2003).”

“…and symptom assessment questionnaires were administered at baseline and post-training including: five facets of mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006), designed to measure the five primary facets of mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner…”

“…connections with subcortical, limbic and executive control brain systems, which allows for the integration of interoceptive signals and hedonic evaluation, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex (Critchley et al., 2004; Craig, 2009).”

“Specifically, one approach is to improve interoception (Craig, 2002), i.e. the processing of the body’s internal state and in particular the perturbation of this state as a result of external demands when an individual has to maintain goal-directed action and homeostatic balance (Paulus et al.,…”

“insula and the ACC facilitate cognitive control by switching between the central-executive control network and default-mode network (Sridharan et al., 2008; Menon and Uddin, 2010).”

“In particular, attentional control is thought to be one of the primary mechanisms of mediation (Baer, 2003; Shapiro et al., 2006; Holzel et al., 2011).”

“Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) developed by Kabat-Zinn (1982, 1990), has been shown to reduce stress-related sequelae (e.g. self-reported stress, medical symptoms, neuroendocrine changes) associated with chronic mental health disorders (e.g. Bowen et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2010),…”

“In particular, attentional control is thought to be one of the primary mechanisms of mediation (Baer, 2003; Shapiro et al., 2006; Holzel et al., 2011).”

“…higher levels of self-reported resilience are associated with a bias towards positive emotions when faced with uncertain or negative emotions (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2004; Arce et al., 2009) and these individuals demonstrate faster recovery following the anticipation of an aversive stimulus…”

“, 2012), (iii) literature documenting the effectiveness of MT in the treatment of stress-related sequelae for a number of clinical disorder and medical disorders (e.g. Carlson et al., 2007; Hofmann et al., 2010) and (iv) modulation of insula activation during interoceptive attention following MT (Farb et al.”

“This brain area has reciprocal connections with the ACC, which generates an error signal that determines allocation of attentional resources based on interoceptive information (Botvinick et al., 1999; van Veen and Carter, 2002; Botvinick et al., 2004).”

“with (i) the proposed role of the insula as part of the neural network subserving interoception (Craig, 2002; Critchley et al., 2004), (ii) attenuated right insular activation in elite athletes during aversive interoceptive breathing load (Paulus et al.”

“Anterior insula and the ACC facilitate cognitive control by switching between the central-executive control network and defaultmode network (Sridharan et al., 2008; Menon and Uddin, 2010).”

“A task-based reference function corresponding to time interval of the regressor of interest was convolved with a gamma variate function (Boynton et al., 1996) that modeled the prototypical 6- to 8-s delay hemodynamic response function (Friston, 1995) and the temporal dynamics of the hemodynamic…”

“This brain area has reciprocal connections with the ACC, which generates an error signal that determines allocation of attentional resources based on interoceptive information (Botvinick et al., 1999; van Veen and Carter, 2002; Botvinick et al., 2004).”

“In particular, attentional control is thought to be one of the primary mechanisms of mediation (Baer, 2003; Shapiro et al., 2006; Holzel et al., 2011).”

“…neuroendocrine changes) associated with chronic mental health disorders (e.g. Bowen et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2010), medical conditions (e.g. Kabat-Zinn et al., 1985; Carlson et al., 2007) and in nonclinical populations (e.g. Grossman et al., 2004; Chiesa and Serretti, 2009; Wolever et al.,…”

“…evidence to suggest anatomical (Kang et al., 2013; Lazar et al., 2005; Holzel et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Farb et al., 2007; IvesDeliperi et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2012;…”

“, 2011) and increased cortical thickness (Lazar et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2010).”

“…changes) associated with chronic mental health disorders (e.g. Bowen et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2010), medical conditions (e.g. Kabat-Zinn et al., 1985; Carlson et al., 2007) and in nonclinical populations (e.g. Grossman et al., 2004; Chiesa and Serretti, 2009; Wolever et al., 2012).”

“Research has shown that individuals who undergo meditation training show improved attention (WenkSormaz, 2005; Jha et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2007; Jensen et al., 2012).”

“Research has shown that individuals who undergo meditation training show improved attention (WenkSormaz, 2005; Jha et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2007; Jensen et al., 2012).”

“As expected, the failure to find significant differences in accuracy and reaction time is likely due to the relative ease of the behavioral CPT task and not a reflection of failure to improve attention.”

“…conceptualized as one’s ability to positively adapt to severe stress, trauma and adversity (Luthar et al., 2000), that may help to prevent the development of psychopathology (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006), particularly in individuals with combat exposure (Pietrzak et al., 2009; Green et al., 2010).”

“Neuroimaging studies of experienced meditators have documented increased ACC activation during tasks of attention (Holzel et al., 2007) and focused meditation (Lazar et al., 2000; Newberg et al., 2001; Brewer et al., 2011), and increased cortical thickness (Lazar et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2010).”

“…changes) associated with chronic mental health disorders (e.g. Bowen et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2010), medical conditions (e.g. Kabat-Zinn et al., 1985; Carlson et al., 2007) and in nonclinical populations (e.g. Grossman et al., 2004; Chiesa and Serretti, 2009; Wolever et al., 2012).”

“Mindful meditation is also associated with improved cognitive functioning (Jha et al., 2010; Zeidan et al., 2010).”

“Conversely, resilient individuals generate more efficient body prediction errors, as a way of adapting to extreme environments (Paulus and Stein, 2006).”

“…et al., 2005; Holzel et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Farb et al., 2007; IvesDeliperi et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2012; Dickenson et al., 2013) brain changes are associated with MT,…”

“This brain area has reciprocal connections with the ACC, which generates an error signal that determines allocation of attentional resources based on interoceptive information (Botvinick et al., 1999; van Veen and Carter, 2002; Botvinick et al., 2004).”

“…(Kang et al., 2013; Lazar et al., 2005; Holzel et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Farb et al., 2007; IvesDeliperi et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2012; Dickenson et al., 2013) brain…”

“Mindful meditation is also associated with improved cognitive functioning (Jha et al., 2010; Zeidan et al., 2010).”

“, 1996) that modeled the prototypical 6–8 s delay hemodynamic response function (Friston, 1995) and the temporal dynamics of the hemodynamic response (typically 12–16 s; Cohen, 1997).”

“…changes) associated with chronic mental health disorders (e.g. Bowen et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2010), medical conditions (e.g. Kabat-Zinn et al., 1985; Carlson et al., 2007) and in nonclinical populations (e.g. Grossman et al., 2004; Chiesa and Serretti, 2009; Wolever et al., 2012).”

“…al., 2010; Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Farb et al., 2007; IvesDeliperi et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2012; Dickenson et al., 2013) brain changes are associated with MT, particularly in the insula, ACC and prefrontal…”

“Combat deployment has been associated with neurocognitive changes (Vasterling et al., 2006), and there is evidence to suggest that pre-deployment training compromises cognitive function including learning, memory, and visual vigilance (Lieberman et al., 2002).”

“, 2010) and (iv) modulation of insula activation during interoceptive attention following MT (Farb et al., 2013).”

“There is converging evidence to suggest anatomical (Lazar et al., 2005; Holzel et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al.”

“…changes) associated with chronic mental health disorders (e.g. Bowen et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2010), medical conditions (e.g. Kabat-Zinn et al., 1985; Carlson et al., 2007) and in nonclinical populations (e.g. Grossman et al., 2004; Chiesa and Serretti, 2009; Wolever et al., 2012).”

“Neuroimaging studies of experienced meditators have documented increased ACC activation during tasks of attention (Holzel et al., 2007) and focused meditation (Lazar et al., 2000; Newberg et al., 2001; Brewer et al., 2011), and increased cortical thickness (Lazar et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2010).”

“…stress-related sequelae (e.g. self-reported stress, medical symptoms, neuroendocrine changes) associated with chronic mental health disorders (e.g. Bowen et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2010), medical conditions (e.g. Kabat-Zinn et al., 1985; Carlson et al., 2007) and in nonclinical populations…”

“Neuroimaging studies of experienced meditators have documented increased ACC activation during tasks of attention (Holzel et al., 2007) and focused meditation (Lazar et al., 2000; Newberg et al., 2001; Brewer et al., 2011), and increased cortical thickness (Lazar et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2010).”

“…conceptualized as one’s ability to positively adapt to severe stress, trauma and adversity (Luthar et al., 2000), that may help to prevent the development of psychopathology (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006), particularly in individuals with combat exposure (Pietrzak et al., 2009; Green et al., 2010).”

“Combat deployment has been associated with neurocognitive changes (Vasterling et al., 2006), and there is evidence to suggest that pre-deployment training compromises cognitive function including learning, memory and visual vigilance (Lieberman et al.”

“, 2011) and increased cortical thickness (Lazar et al., 2005; Grant et al., 2010).”

“Additionally, several studies have documented posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex deactivation in experienced meditators (Brewer et al., 2011, 2013; Taylor et al., 2011; Pagnoni, 2012), suggesting multiple brain regions are actively involved during meditation practices.”

“Research has shown that individuals who undergo meditation training show improved attention (Wenk-Sormaz, 2005; Jha et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2007; Jensen et al., 2012).”

“…Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Farb et al., 2007; IvesDeliperi et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2012; Dickenson et al., 2013) brain changes are associated with MT, particularly in the insula, ACC and prefrontal cortices.”

“, 1996) that modeled the prototypical 6–8 s delay hemodynamic response function (Friston, 1995) and the temporal dynamics of the hemodynamic response (typically 12–16 s; Cohen, 1997).”

“…towards positive emotions when faced with uncertain or negative emotions (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2004; Arce et al., 2009) and these individuals demonstrate faster recovery following the anticipation of an aversive stimulus (Waugh et al., 2008a), which may contribute to increased coping abilities.”

“2% of operational infantry units following deployment to Iraqi and Afghanistan meet criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (Kok et al., 2012).”

“what is sensed) and affective information (i.e. how it feels; Davenport and Vovk, 2009).”

“Activation in the anterior insula is associated with interoceptive awareness and level of anxiety, such that the level of attention to interoceptive body states was associated with increased levels of anxiety (Terasawa et al., 2013).”

“There is converging evidence to suggest anatomical (Lazar et al., 2005; Holzel et al., 2008; Grant et al., 2010; Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al.”

“…Kang et al., 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Farb et al., 2007; IvesDeliperi et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2012; Dickenson et al., 2013) brain changes are associated with MT, particularly in the insula, ACC and prefrontal cortices.”

“Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)), such as cognitive processing therapy (CPT) (Resick and Schnicke, 1992) and prolonged exposure (McLean and Foa, 2011), MBSR is an evidence-based therapy that can be initiated prior to trauma exposure and thus may have potential as a preventative method.”

“, 2013) and functional (Cahn and Polich, 2006; Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007; Farb et al., 2007; Ives-Deliperi et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2012; Dickenson et al., 2013) brain changes are associated with MT, particularly in the insula, ACC and prefrontal cortices.”

“…towards positive emotions when faced with uncertain or negative emotions (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2004; Arce et al., 2009) and these individuals demonstrate faster recovery following the anticipation of an aversive stimulus (Waugh et al., 2008a), which may contribute to increased coping abilities.”

“, 2006), designed to measure the five primary facets of mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience and non-reactivity to inner experience); response to stressful experiences scale (RSES; Johnson et al., 2011) designed to measure six-processes that promote resilient respo…”

“Specifically, one approach is to improve interoception (Craig, 2002), that is, the processing of the body’s internal state and in particular the perturbation of this state as a result of external demands when an individual has to maintain goal-directed action and homeostatic balance (Paulus et al., 2009).”

“…conceptualized as one’s ability to positively adapt to severe stress, trauma and adversity (Luthar et al., 2000), that may help to prevent the development of psychopathology (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006), particularly in individuals with combat exposure (Pietrzak et al., 2009; Green et al., 2010).”

“Additionally, several studies have documented posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex deactivation in experienced meditators (Brewer et al., 2011, 2013; Taylor et al., 2011; Pagnoni, 2012), suggesting multiple brain regions are actively involved during meditation practices.”

“In the support of this proposal, we have previously shown that highly resilient individuals, such as elite adventure racers (Paulus et al., 2012) and US NAVY Sea, Air and Land Forces (Simmons et al.”

“…by guest on 30 July 2018 defined ROIs were constructed using a data-driven approach that combined Talairach stereotactic definition and grey matter probabilities based on high resolution T1 images from a group of 43 healthy adults (Fonzo et al., 2013).”

“Affective reactions to breathing changes are experienced as equally or more aversive than negative visual stimuli (Pappens et al., 2010), and can serve as a source of threat, leading to increased anxiety (von Leupoldt et al., 2011).”

“One effective method of inducing experimental breathing change is through loaded inspiratory breathing, which can be operationally defined as the degree to which an individual experiences resistance during inspiration (Lopata et al., 1977; Gottfried et al., 1978).”

“One effective method of inducing experimental breathing change is through loaded inspiratory breathing, which can be operationally defined as the degree to which an individual experiences resistance during inspiration (Lopata et al., 1977; Gottfried et al., 1978).”

“…resilience are associated with a bias towards positive emotions when faced with uncertain or negative emotions (Tugade and Fredrickson, 2004; Arce et al., 2009) and these individuals demonstrate faster recovery following the anticipation of an aversive stimulus (Waugh et al., 2008a), which…”

“Moreover, self-reported resilience during emotion processing task is associated with differential activation of insula, ACC and amygdala (Waugh et al., 2008b; Paulus et al., 2010).”

“Affective reactions to breathing changes are experienced as equally or more aversive than negative visual stimuli (Pappens et al., 2010) and can serve as a source of threat, leading to increased anxiety (von Leupoldt et al.”

“…breathing loads are organized along the dimensions of valence and arousal, and represent a homeostatic balance between metabolic activity and affective arousal (Gomez et al., 2008) are experienced as aversive (Pappens et al., 2010), and can result in increased anxiety (von Leupoldt et al., 2011).”

“Self-reported anxiety, particularly concerns regarding the physical features of anxiety, is associated with increased anterior insula activation in response to negatively valenced stimuli (Killgore et al., 2011).”

“, 2012) and US NAVY Sea, Air and Land Forces (Simmons et al., 2012), demonstrate improved performance and attenuated insular activation during an aversive interoceptive breathing and emotion detection tasks.”

“, elite athletes and special operations forces) and demonstrated differential activation of the insula and ACC in response to emotional processing and loaded inspiratory breathing (Paulus et al., 2010, 2012; Simmons et al., 2012; Thom et al., 2012).”

“See Stanley (2014) for details.”

“While inspiratory breathing loads (IBL) result in increased activation in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices and the cerebellum, IBLs do not modulate task-specific brain activation (Hayen et al., 2012).”

“Breathing is an interoceptive process that is modulated in the periphery through several sensory airway receptors (Adriaensen and Timmermans, 2011) providing continuous sensory information, which provides discriminative (i.”

“One way this may occur is through improved interoception, or the perception of internal bodily states (Farb et al. 2012, 2015), although evidence for MM-related improvements in interoception has been mixed (Farb et al. 2015, Haase et al. 2016, Khalsa et al. 2008).”

“Seven studies, however, reported increased activity in relation to mindfulness-based tasks (Creswell et al., 2007; Haase et al., 2015; Haase et al., 2016; Herwig et al., 2010b; Modinos et al., 2010; Murakami et al., 2015; Zeidan et al., 2015).”