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INSOMNIA AND USE OF HYPNOTICS—STUDY OF A FRENCH POPULATION
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of insomnia and hypnotic use was performed in a sample of the French population. The quota method was used to select the sample of 1,003 subjects, with less than 3% substitution. Subjects were 15 years old and older and were representative of the French population based on gender, age, marital status and living environment. Subjects were asked questions relevant to the complaint of insomnia and hypnotic use and filled out questionnaires measuring anxiety and depression. The complaint of insomnia is common, even in the 15-24-year-old group. Overall, more women than men were afflicted. The largest group of insomniac subjects, and the group who most often used hypnotics "frequently and chronically", were women 45 years and older. Men presented a sharp increase in hypnotic use after 65 years of age. Ten percent of the entire sample used hypnotics, 8% for more than 6 months and 6.17% on a chronic and frequent basis. Retired and unemployed elderly were also chronic and frequent hypnotic users: aging and social isolation correlate with chronic and frequent hypnotic usage. Higher scores on anxiety and depression scales correlate with more frequent complaints of nocturnal sleep disturbances. Young individuals are a significant complainer group but use hypnotics rarely. A rural environment was associated, overall, with fewer insomnia complaints, but environment had much less impact on complaints and hypnotic use in the elderly than in other age groups. One may question whether, in the French population, hypnotic prescription and intake are not responses to a social rather than a medical problem.
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“Indeed, the different relationships between problems with sleep onset, maintenance, and negative affect reported here stands in contrast to studies which find that both sleep onset and sleep maintenance problems are related to negative affect [96–100].”
From A structural equation model of the relationship between insomnia, negative affect, and paranoid thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
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Philip, P., Léger, D., Taillard, J., Quera-Salva, M.-A., Niedhammer, I., Jasso-Mosqueda, J. G., Bioulac, B. H., & Gérard, D. (2006) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.04.006 · Cited by 50
“We also applied a scale validated on a French population [8] to measure QoL and analyze it through the six sub-scales of the NHP.”
MethodSelf-citationTachibana, H., Izumi, T., Honda, S., Horiguchi, I., Manabe, E., & Takemoto, T. (1996) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/46.3.221 · Cited by 50
Potentiating Effects of Lactuca sativa on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep.
Ghorbani, A., Rakhshandeh, H., & Sadeghnia, H. R. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 47
Prevalence, Types and Possible Causes of Insomnia in a Swiss Remand Prison
Elger, B. S. (2004) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/b:ejep.0000036805.58237.e3 · Cited by 47
“In the Zurich study [32, 33], in a representative cohort of a Swiss population of less than 30-year-old men and women, the prevalence of sleep problems was stable at 36–40%, which is similar to results from France in this age group [27].”
ResultInsomnia and role impairment in the community
Gureje, O., Makanjuola, V. A., & Kola, L. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0183-2 · Cited by 48
“2% suggested by some previous reports in which insomnia had been defined without reference to duration or to frequency of symptom [3, 32, 41].”
BackgroundResultVozoris, N. T., & Leung, R. S. T. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1116 · Cited by 44
Population study on the prevalence of insomnia and insomnia-related factors among Japanese women
Kawada, T., Sasazawa, Y., Kiryu, Y., & Suzuki, S. (2003) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(03)00109-6 · Cited by 44
Sleep disturbance and its correlates among elderly Japanese
Ito, Y., Tamakoshi, A., Yamaki, K., Wakai, K., Kawamura, T., Takagi, K., Hayakawa, T., & Ohno, Y. (2000) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(99)00054-0 · Cited by 44
“One reasons is that the unique hormonal and psychological changes occurring in middle-age women, at the time of menopause in particular, may have a significant impact on sleep disturbances (Quera-Salva et al., 1991).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of kava-kava extract on the sleep–wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats
Shinomiya, K., Inoué, T., Utsu, Y., Tokunaga, S., Masuoka, T., Ohmori, A., & Kamei, C. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2196-4 · Cited by 44
“, European and Australian have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, and about 3–10% of all people are chronic and frequent users of hypnotics (Quera-Salva et al. 1991; Weyerer and Dilling 1991; Freeman 1996).”
BackgroundSleep Disturbance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Veteran Women
Rissling, M. B., Gray, K. E., Ulmer, C. S., Martin, J. L., Zaslavsky, O., Gray, S. L., Hale, L. E., Zeitzer, J. M., Naughton, M. J., Woods, N. F., et al. (2016) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnv668 · Cited by 42
A community survey of insomnia in Newcastle
Olson, L. G. (1996) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.1996.tb01083.x · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Quera-Salva, M. A., Orluc, A., Goldenberg, F., & Guilleminault, C.
- Affiliations
- Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Quera-Salva, M. A.
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1991-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 386-391
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2443792738
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag007772-06)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 07772)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- insomnia, hypnotic use, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, aging, social isolation, rural residence, sex differences, age differences, older adults, young adults, French population
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Drug Utilization, Female, France, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Incidence
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