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Consolidation of Strictly Episodic Memories Mainly Requires Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of sleep deprivation during the first or second half of the night on episodic memory consolidation. Episodic memory is defined as memory for events located in time and space. It is also characterized by autonoetic consciousness, which gives a subject the conscious sensation of traveling back in time to relive the original event and forward into the future. DESIGN: Consolidation of episodic information was tested after 4-hour retention intervals, which followed learning and occurred during either the early or late half night, respectively dominated by slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, or corresponding periods of wakefulness. SETTING: Data collection occurred in the sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three young healthy subjects: 9 men and 34 women, age ranging from 18 to 26 years (mean 20.18 +/- 1.94 years) were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Waking after a 4-hour retention interval filled with early or late sleep, or 4-hour sleep deprivation, during early or late period of night. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The cognitive task, named the What-Where-When test, was specially designed to assess factual, spatial, and temporal components of episodic memory. This task was associated with the Remember/Know paradigm to assess autonoetic consciousness. We measured performance on immediate free recall, delayed free recall (after a 4-hour interval of wakefulness or sleep), and delayed recognition. We also calculated a forgetting rate for each feature (factual, spatial, and temporal) and, for the recognition task, scores of autonoetic consciousness (R responses). REM-sleep deprivation was associated with significantly lower recall of spatial information compared to SWS deprivation (P < .01) or late sleep (P < .05) conditions. REM-sleep deprivation was also associated with a higher forgetting rate of temporal information as compared to the early sleep condition (P< .01). Finally, REM-sleep deprivation led subjects to give significantly fewer R responses, indicative of true memories, as compared to SWS deprivation (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that consolidation of truly episodic memories mainly involves REM sleep.
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“In a third study measuring recognition right after free recall, this effect was not replicated, although SWS-rich sleep still enhanced free recall of the declarative materials (966).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [966]
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A Sleep to Remember: The Effects of Sleep on Memory.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rauchs, G., Bertran, F., Guillery-Girard, B., Desgranges, B., Kerrouche, N., Denise, P., Foret, J., & Eustache, F.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Eustache, Francis
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 395-401
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W1853798384
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- episodic memory consolidation, REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, sleep deprivation, autonoetic consciousness, spatial memory, temporal memory, free recall, recognition memory, forgetting rate, remember/know paradigm
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Consciousness, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Retention, Psychology, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep, REM, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Polysomnography
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