Such stuff as dreams are made on? Elaborative encoding, the ancient art of memory, and the hippocampus
Abstract
This article argues that rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming is elaborative encoding for episodic memories. Elaborative encoding in REM can, at least partially, be understood through ancient art of memory (AAOM) principles: visualization, bizarre association, organization, narration, embodiment, and location. These principles render recent memories more distinctive through novel and meaningful association with emotionally salient, remote memories. The AAOM optimizes memory performance, suggesting that its principles may predict aspects of how episodic memory is configured in the brain. Integration and segregation are fundamental organizing principles in the cerebral cortex. Episodic memory networks interconnect profusely within the cortex, creating omnidirectional "landmark" junctions. Memories may be integrated at junctions but segregated along connecting network paths that meet at junctions. Episodic junctions may be instantiated during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep after hippocampal associational function during REM dreams. Hippocampal association involves relating, binding, and integrating episodic memories into a mnemonic compositional whole. This often bizarre, composite image has not been present to the senses; it is not "real" because it hyperassociates several memories. During REM sleep, on the phenomenological level, this composite image is experienced as a dream scene. A dream scene may be instantiated as omnidirectional neocortical junction and retained by the…
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Infantile amnesia and confabulatory reports in infancy are the main reasons why reliable studies in this age range cannot be carried out.
“infantile amnesia and confabulatory reports in infancy are the main reasons why reliable studies in this age range cannot be carried out.73,74”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [74]
The modification of memory performance across early childhood parallels the improvement of dream recall rates in children.
“The modification of memory performance across early childhood, due in the firsts ages to the so-called infantile amnesia72–74 and subsequently to the development of cognitive functions,67 parallel the improvement of dream recall rates in children.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [74]
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“As an example, infantile amnesia and confabulatory reports in infancy are the main reasons why reliable studies in this age range cannot be carried out.(73,74)”
BackgroundDream recall frequency is associated with medial prefrontal cortex white-matter density
Vallat, R., Eichenlaub, J.-B., Nicolas, A., & Ruby, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01856 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Malinowski, J. E., & Horton, C. L. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.103071 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Llewellyn, S. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.018 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLabile sleep promotes awareness of abstract knowledge in a serial reaction time task.
Kirov, R., Kolev, V., Verleger, R., & Yordanova, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01354 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Llewellyn, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Llewellyn, Sue
- ORCID
- Llewellyn, Sue
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-11-21
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 589-607
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2124668001
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- REM sleep, dreams, elaborative encoding, episodic memory, hippocampus, memory consolidation, memory retrieval, visualization, memory binding
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Cortex, Dreams, Hippocampus, Humans, Neural Pathways, Mental Recall, Sleep, REM, Memory, Episodic
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