Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet radiation‐induced DNA damage as determined by laser irradiation suggests that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are the principal DNA lesions produced by terrestrial sunlight
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To elucidate the involvement of specific ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths in solar mutagenesis, we used a laser system to investigate the induction of DNA damage, both in the overall genome and at the nucleotide resolution level, in the genomic DNA of transgenic Big Blue mouse fibroblasts irradiated with a series of UV wavelengths, inclusive of UVC (λ<280 nm), UVB (λ=280–320 nm), and UVA (λ>320 nm). Subsequently, we sought correlation between the locations of UV‐induced DNA lesions in the cII transgene of irradiated DNA samples and the frequency distribution and codon position of the induced cII mutations in counterpart mouse cells irradiated with simulated sunlight. Using a combination of enzymatic digestion assays coupled with gel electrophoresis, immunodot blot assays, and DNA footprinting assays, we demonstrated a unique wavelength‐dependent formation of photodimeric lesions, i.e. , cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6–4) photoproducts [(6–4)PPs], based on direct UV absorption of DNA, in irradiated mouse genomic DNA, which could partially explain the induction of mutations in mouse cells irradiated with simulated sunlight. Most notably, there was a divergence of CPD and (6–4)PP formation at an irradiation wavelength of 296 nm in mouse genomic DNA. Whereas substantial formation of (6–4)PPs was detectable in samples irradiated at this wavelength, which intensified as the irradiation wavelength decreased, only small quantities of these lesions were found in samples irradiated at wavelengths of 300–305 nm, with no detectable level of (6–4)PPs in samples irradiated with longer wavelengths. Although CPD formation followed the same pattern of increase with decreasing wavelengths of irradiation, there were substantial levels of CPDs in samples irradiated with UVB wavelengths borderlined with UVA, and small but detectable levels of these lesions in samples irradiated with longer wavelengths. Because the terrestrial sunlight spectrum rolls off sharply at wavelengths ~300 nm, our findings suggest that CPDs are the principal lesion responsible for most DNA damage‐dependent biological effects of sunlight.—Besaratinia, A., Yoon, J.‐I., Schroeder, C., Bradforth, S. E., Cockburn, M., Pfeifer, G. P. Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet radiation‐induced DNA damage as determined by laser irradiation suggests that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are the principal DNA lesions produced by terrestrial sunlight. FASEB J. 25, 3079–3091 (2011). www.fasebj.org
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UVA radiation has been shown since the 1970s to induce CPDs in bacteria, mammalian cells and human skin.
“In fact, UVA radiation has been shown since the 1970s, first in bacteria (29) and then in mammalian cells (32,55,(80)(81)(82)(83)(84) and human skin (61,65,(85)(86)(87), to be also able to induce CPDs.”
From Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions<sup>†</sup> (2012) · cites this paper as [81]
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“Of the two photolesions, CPDs are related to more than half of the mutations produced by UV-B radiation of mammalian cells, and they have been found only in the structures of the ocular anterior chamber following UV light exposure.(64,65) These DNA lesions can interfere with essential cellular metabolic processes like…”
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UVA Radiation, DNA Damage, and Melanoma
Jin, S., Padron, F., & Pfeifer, G. P. (2022) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c04424 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationAll You Need Is Light. Photorepair of UV-Induced Pyrimidine Dimers
Banaś, A. K., Zgłobicki, P., Kowalska, E., Bażant, A., Dziga, D., & Strzałka, W. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11111304 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“At the Second International Congress on Light in Copenhagen in 1932, William Coblentz suggested that these wavelengths be subdivided into UV-A, UV-B and UV-C.”
InfluentialStandard fluorescent imaging of live cells is highly genotoxic
Ge, J., Wood, D. K., Weingeist, D. M., Prasongtanakij, S., Navasumrit, P., Ruchirawat, M., & Engelward, B. P. (2013) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22291 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Short wavelength light in the range of UVC (100–280 nm) and UVB (290–320 nm) can initiate direct excitation of DNA and generate photoproducts such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone (3,4).”
BackgroundPloydaeng, M., Rajatanavin, N., & Rattanakaemakorn, P. (2020) · Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12605 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Paul, D., Mu, H., Zhao, H., Ouerfelli, O., Jeffrey, P. D., Broyde, S. B., & Min, J. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz359 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The yields of CPD and 6-4PP upon UV irradiation vary depending on DNA sequence and also on UV wavelengths (1,10).”
BackgroundNakahashi, M., Mawatari, K., Hirata, A., Maetani, M., Shimohata, T., Uebanso, T., Hamada, Y., Akutagawa, M., Kinouchi, Y., & Takahashi, A. (2014) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12309 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Genomic mutation landscape of skin cancers from DNA repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum patients
Yurchenko, A. A., Rajabi, F., Lajus, T. B. P., Fassihi, H., Lehmann, A. R., Nishigori, C., Wang, J., Padioleau, I., Владимирович, Г. К., Panunzi, L. G., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38311-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Schuit, M. A., Larason, T. C., Krause, M. L., Green, B. M., Holland, B., Wood, S., Grantham, S., Zong, Y., Zarobila, C. J., Freeburger, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112503 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hydrochlorothiazide Enhances UVA ‐Induced DNA Damage
Kunisada, M., Masaki, T., Ono, R., Morinaga, H., Nakano, E., Yogianti, F., Okunishi, K., Sugiyama, H., & Nishigori, C. (2013) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12048 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Light-Triggerable Liposomes for Enhanced Endolysosomal Escape and Gene Silencing in PC12 Cells
Chen, W., Deng, W., & Goldys, E. M. (2017) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2017.04.015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ultraviolet light degrades the mechanical and structural properties of human stratum corneum
Lipsky, Z. W., & German, G. K. (2019) · Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103391 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Understanding building-occupant-microbiome interactions toward healthy built environments: A review
Li, S., Yang, Z., Hu, D., Cao, L., & He, Q. (2020) · Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11783-020-1357-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“, 2017), ultraviolet light (Kundsin, 1988; Besaratinia et al., 2011; Goldman and Travisano, 2011; Dai et al., 2012; Oppezzo, 2012; Takada et al., 2017), and light of blue or red wavelengths (Ondrusch and Kreft, 2011; Deng et al.”
BackgroundCooper, D. R., Kudinov, K. A., Tyagi, P., Hill, C. K., Bradforth, S. E., & Nadeau, J. (2014) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c4cp01044b · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationSvetec, N., Cridland, J. M., Zhao, L., & Begun, D. J. (2016) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005869 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“However, due to the absorbance properties of DNA, UVB wavelengths are likely to be the main source of UV-induced DNA damage in nature [11].”
BackgroundKahremany, S., Hofmann, L., Gruzman, A., Dinkova‐Kostova, A. T., & Cohen, G. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.238 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“UVB radiation are capable of causing severe damage, including DNA mutations [13,14].”
BackgroundSouto, E. B., da Ana, R., Vieira, V., Fangueiro, J. F., Dias-Ferreira, J., Cano, A. C., Zielińska, A., Silva, A. M., Staszewski, R., & Karczewski, J. (2022) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2022.100810 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Facile synthesis of highly luminescent ZnSe(S) alloyed quantum dot for biomedical imaging
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Self-citationMultimodal microscopy with sub-30 fs Yb fiber laser oscillator
Nie, B. S., Saytashev, I., Chong, A., Liu, H., Arkhipov, S. N., Wise, F. W., & Dantus, M. M. (2012) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.3.001750 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Laughery, M. F., Brown, A., Bohm, K. A., Sivapragasam, S., Morris, H. S., Tchmola, M., Washington, A. D., Mitchell, D., Mather, S., Malc, E. P., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108401 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Although UVC light induces a similar spectrum of DNA lesions as solar UVB light, it more strongly induces less common or rare UV lesions, such as 6–4PPs (Besaratinia et al., 2011; Friedberg et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLi, Z., Musich, P. R., Serrano, M. A., Dong, Z., & Zou, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028326 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Repair of CPDs is significantly slower in G1 than in S phase As described above, the UV-induced XPA import occurs primarily in S-phase cells, particularly in comparison with that in G1 phase (Most of the XPA is located in the nucleus in G2 phase even in the absence of DNA damage).”
BackgroundInfluentialUV-B-induced DNA damage and repair in the mouse lens.
Mesa, R. A., & Bassnett, S. (2013) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12644 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Of the two types of primary photolesion, it is believed that CPDs are responsible for the majority (>80%) of mutations induced by UV-B irradiation of mammalian cells.(7,8)”
BackgroundSuthaparan, A., Solhaug, K. A., Stensvand, A., & Gislerød, H. R. (2017) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.041 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Behind the Scene: Exploiting MC1R in Skin Cancer Risk and Prevention
Manganelli, M., Guida, S., Ferretta, A., Pellacani, G., Porcelli, L., Azzariti, A., & Guida, G. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12071093 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pescheck, F., Lohbeck, K. T., Roleda, M. Y., & Bilger, W. (2014) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.02.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Squillante, M. R., Jüstel, T., Anderson, R. R., Brecher, C., Chartier, D., Christian, J. F., Cicchetti, N., Espinoza, S., McAdams, D. R., Müller, M., et al. (2018) · Optical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2018.04.033 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The involvement of superoxide radicals in medium pressure UV derived inactivation
Gerchman, Y., Cohen‐Yaniv, V., Betzalel, Y., Yagur‐Kroll, S., Belkin, S., & Mamane, H. (2019) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.084 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ali, F. D. R., Khan, B., & Sultana, S. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Highly Sensitive Biological Assay for Determining the Photoprotective Efficacy of Sunscreen
Schuch, A. P., Moraes, M. C. S., Yagura, T., & Menck, C. F. M. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es503721a · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pr3+ Visible to Ultraviolet Upconversion for Antimicrobial Applications
Dramićanin, M. D., Brik, M. G., Antić, Ž. M., Bănică, R., Moşoarcă, C., Dramićanin, T., Ristić, Z., Dima, G.-D., Förster, T., & Suta, M. (2025) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano15070562 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“UVC is a highly effective bactericidal agent due to its strong absorption by DNA (maximum at 265 nm), where it induces the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts, disrupting replication and transcription processes [12].”
Yoon, J., Kim, S., Tommasi, S., & Nia, A. B. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0309 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationBekah, D., Cooper, D. R., Kudinov, K. A., Hill, C. K., Seuntjens, J. P., Bradforth, S. E., & Nadeau, J. (2016) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.06.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationNucleotide excision repair deficiency in melanoma in response to UVA
Murray, H. C., Maltby, V. E., Smith, D. W., & Bowden, N. A. (2015) · Experimental Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40164-016-0035-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This results in either a Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer (CPD) or (6-4) Pyrimidine Pyrimidone [(6-4)PP] structure [26].”
BackgroundResultSystematic evaluating and modeling of SARS-CoV-2 UVC disinfection
Freeman, S. R., Kibler, K. V., Lipsky, Z. W., Jin, S., German, G. K., & Ye, K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09930-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Photoinduced Polymer Chain Scission of Alkoxyphenacyl Based Polycarbonates
Sun, S., Chamsaz, E. A., & Joy, A. (2012) · ACS Macro Letters · doi:10.1021/mz3002947 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Enhancement of UVB-induced DNA damage repair after a chronic low-dose UVB pre-stimulation
Drigeard Desgarnier, M.-C., & Rochette, P. J. (2018) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.01.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lee, S.-C., Chen, C., Yu, C.-W., Chen, H. L., Huang, W., Chang, Y.-S., Hung, S. H., & Lee, T.-L. (2016) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Skin Photodamage and Melanomagenesis: A Comprehensive Review
Manganelli, M., Stabile, G., Scharf, C., Brunetti, A. P., Paolino, G., Giuffrida, R., Bigotto, G. D., Damiano, G., Mercuri, S. R., Sallustio, F., et al. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17111784 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“If left unrepaired, these lesions accumulate and generate UVB signature mutations, specifically C>T and CC>TT transitions, frequently observed in key tumor suppressor genes such as TP53 and CDKN2A [32–35].”
Ikehata, H., Mori, T., Kamei, Y., Douki, T., Cadet, J., & Yamamoto, M. (2019) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.13159 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Previous studies on the action spectra of the formation of UVR photolesions were performed mainly for CPDs using in vitro systems such as DNA solutions (9,11,13,14) and suspensions of”
MethodUV exposure as a risk factor for skin cancer
Andreassi, L. (2011) · Expert Review of Dermatology · doi:10.1586/edm.11.54 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Espinha, G., Osaki, J. H., Costa, E. T., & Forti, F. L. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/2696952 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“UV radiation induces DNA damage, such as single-strand breaks, pyrimidine dimers, and 6-4 PPs, which induce mutations that are characteristic of the promotion, establishment, and development of tumors [46].”
BackgroundKhezripour, A. R., Souri, D., Tavafi, H., & Ghabooli, M. (2019) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2019.106939 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Emanuele, E., Bertona, M., Sanchis‐Gomar, F., Pareja-Galeano, H., & Lucía, A. (2014) · Biomedical Reports · doi:10.3892/br.2014.310 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Induction of genetic instability by transfer of a UV-A-irradiated chromosome
Urushibara, A., Kodama, S., & Yokoya, A. (2014) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.02.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moonsub, K., Seesuriyachan, P., Boonyawan, D., & Wattanutchariya, W. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12030567 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tynngård, N., Trinks, M., & Berlin, G. (2014) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.12963 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The UVC light interacts with DNA of pathogens and results in formation of pyrimidine pyrimidone dimers and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers.(14) The damage to the DNA by UVC light is reversible due to DNA repair systems in cells and microorganisms but Mohr and colleagues(6) showed that the THERAFLEX method successfully s…”
MethodBipyrimidine Signatures as a Photoprotective Genome Strategy in G + C-rich Halophilic Archaea
Jones, D., & Baxter, B. K. (2016) · Life · doi:10.3390/life6030037 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The proportion of CPDs to 6-4PPs is dependent on wavelength of light [29] and on flanking sequences [30,31].”
Noncanonical Stacking Geometries of Nucleobases as a Preferred Target for Solar Radiation
Ramazanov, R. R., Maksimov, D., & Kononov, A. I. (2015) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5b05140 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Shen, Y., Ha, W., Zeng, W., Queen, D., & Liu, L. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61807-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
HUR protectsNONOfrom degradation by mir320, which is induced by p53 upon UV irradiation
Alfano, L., Costa, C., Caporaso, A., Antonini, D., Giordano, A., & Pentimalli, F. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“UV radiations are among the main environmental challenge to genomic stability [38] and the primary risk factor for skin cancer, including melanoma”
BackgroundPhototherapie und Karzinogenese
Hofbauer, G. F. L. (2013) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/s00105-013-2587-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jangra, R., Mishra, S. K., & Sharma, A. K. (2024) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3347702 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“To more deeply visualize the proposed PD’s response, we have calculated the spectral variation of I p (i.e., photocurrent) while considering the actual values of variable light source powers (i.e., P in ) at different UV wavelengths [34].”
BackgroundKienzler, A., Tronchère, X., Devaux, A., & Bony, S. (2013) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.05.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Time kinetics of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation by narrowband and broadband UVB irradiation
Toriyama, E., Masuda, H., Torii, K., Ikumi, K., & Morita, A. (2021) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.07.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Green‐Light Activatable BODIPY and Coumarin 5’‐Caps for Oligonucleotide Photocaging
Kaufmann, J., Müller, P., Andreadou, E. G., & Heckel, A. (2022) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202200477 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Suthaparan, A., Pathak, R., Solhaug, K. A., & Gislerød, H. R. (2017) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.018 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Russo, L. C., Farias, J. O., & Forti, F. L. (2020) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2020.1762043 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“To assess if DUSP3 is able to affect the NER pathway functioning we measured the levels of CPD and 6-4-PP in the cells genome [24,31].”
Development of a rapid electrophoretic assay for genomic DNA damage quantification
Londero, J. E. L., Schavinski, C. R., da Silva, F. D., Piccoli, B. C., & Schuch, A. P. (2021) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111859 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ai, Z., Wang, L., Guo, Q., Kong, D., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., & Wei, D. (2021) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d1cc01851e · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Synergistic effect of UV-A and UV-C light is traced to UV-induced damage of the transfer RNA
Probst‐Rüd, S., Nyangaresi, P. O., Adeyeye, A. A., Ackermann, M., Beck, S. E., & McNeill, K. (2024) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.121189 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ikehata, H., Mori, T., & Yamamoto, M. P. (2015) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12525 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Caliri, A. W., Tommasi, S., Bates, S., & Nia, A. B. (2020) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra120.014465 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Masjedi-Arani, M., Amiri, M., Amiri, O., Ahmadi‐Zeidabadi, M., & Salavati‐Niasari, M. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
DNA Damage-Induced RNAPII Degradation and Its Consequences in Gene Expression
Muñoz, J. C., Beckerman, I., Choudhary, R., Bouvier, L. A., & Muñoz, M. J. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13111951 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“UVC irradiation mainly induces intrastrand crosslinking between two adjacent pyrimidines, and the two major DNA lesions formed are the Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers (CPDs) and the 6-4 Pyrimidine-pyrimidone Photoproducts (6-4PPs) [15].”
BackgroundSproul, C. D., Mitchell, D. L., Rao, S., Ibrahim, J. G., Kaufmann, W. K., & Cordeiro‐Stone, M. (2013) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12194 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“4 times more 6-4PP per CPD than did a monochromatic source of UVB (305 nm) (10).”
BackgroundInfluentialGerm-line and somatic EPHA2 coding variants in lens aging and cataract
Bennett, T. M., M’Hamdi, O., Hejtmancik, J. F., & Shiels, A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189881 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Heat, solar pasteurization, and ultraviolet radiation treatment for removal of waterborne pathogens
Rajkhowa, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818783-8.00009-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Damage Induced to DNA and Its Constituents by 0–3 eV UV Photoelectrons†
Liu, C., Zheng, Y., & Sanche, L. (2021) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.13559 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The fundamental photochemistry of DNA has been discussed and reviewed in many articles (3,7,8).”
BackgroundEvaluation of parameters governing dark and photo-repair in UVC-irradiated Escherichia coli
Maghsoodi, M., Lowry, G. L., Smith, I. M., & Snow, S. D. (2021) · Environmental Science Water Research & Technology · doi:10.1039/d1ew00644d · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Optical metamaterials for decontamination of translucent liquids and gases
Enaki, N. A., Profir, A., Ciobanu, N., Bazgan, S., Nistreanu, A., Ţurcan, M., Starodub, E., Paslari, T., Ristoscu, C., Bădiceanu, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/aad705 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exciton Absorption and Luminescence in i-Motif DNA
Reveguk, Z. V., Khoroshilov, E. V., Sharkov, A. V., Pomogaev, V. A., Buglak, A. A., Tarnovsky, A. N., & Kononov, A. I. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52242-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Comparison of the mechanisms of DNA damage following photoexcitation and chemiexcitation
Boaro, A., Ramos, L. D., Bastos, E. L., Bechara, E. J. H., & Bartoloni, F. H. (2024) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113070 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fast-Response Colorimetric UVC Sensor Made of a Ga2O3 Photocatalyst with a Hole Scavenger
Ryou, H., Kim, S., Shin, M., Cho, J., & Hwang, W. S. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21020387 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
UV Laser-Induced, Time-Resolved Transcriptome Responses ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Hauser, M., Abraham, P. E., Barcelona, L., & Becker, J. M. (2019) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.119.400291 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Grebneva, H. A. (2014) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893314030066 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sun, Z., Fu, J., Li, X., Blatchley, E. R., & Zhou, Z. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c06354 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Milovanović, B., Novak, J., Etinski, M., Domcke, W., & Došlić, N. (2022) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d2cp00495j · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Photodynamic therapy does not induce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the presence of melanin
Mudambi, S., Pera, P. J., Washington, D., Remenyik, É., Fidrus, E., Shafirstein, G., Bellnier, D. A., & Paragh, G. (2018) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.018 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dorr, M. M., & Rochette, P. J. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283572 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Long UVB wavelengths (290–315 nm) are the main wave-lengths responsible for skin cancer initiation and promotion [3, 4].”
Background
- Authors
- Besaratinia, A., Yoon, J., Schroeder, C., Bradforth, S. E., Cockburn, M., & Pfeifer, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Department of Cancer Biology Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope Duarte California USA
- Beckman Research Institute (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-05-25
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3079-3091
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- PMC
- PMC3157686
- OpenAlex
- W2153448038
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Annenberg Foundation (RSG‐11‐083‐01‐CNE)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES06070)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- ultraviolet radiation, DNA damage, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, 6-4 photoproducts, wavelength dependence, UV-B radiation, UVA, UV-C, simulated sunlight, DNA footprinting
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, DNA Damage, Fibroblasts, Gene Expression Regulation, Lasers, Mice, Transgenic, Mutation, Pyrimidine Dimers, Sunlight, Ultraviolet Rays, Molecular Structure, Genome, Mice, Photoelectron Spectroscopy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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