Cited by 810Physical Activity and HealthHealth Education and ValidationPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

Resnick, Barbara, Jenkins, Louise S.·2000·Nursing Research

DOI 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.

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Regan, K., White, F., Harvey, D. W., & Middleton, L. E. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0300 · Cited by 16
Baby Steps – a structured group education programme with accompanying mobile web application designed to promote physical activity in women with a history of gestational diabetes: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Sukumar, N., Dallosso, H. M., Saravanan, P., Yates, T. E., Telling, C., Shorthose, K., Northern, A., Schreder, S., Brough, C., Gray, L. J., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3067-8 · Cited by 18
A Mixed-Methods Study of Women’s Empowerment through Physical Activities: Relationships with Self-Efficacy and Physical Activity Levels
Streetman, A. E., Lister, M. M., Brown, A., Brin, H. N., & Heinrich, K. M. (2023) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk8030118 · Cited by 24
“, they were experiencing pain during exercise, were not enjoying the exercise, they felt tired or stressed) [38].”
BackgroundMethod
Promoting self‐management and adherence with strength and balance training for older people with long‐term conditions: a mixed‐methods study
Robinson, L. J., Newton, J. L., Jones, D. E., & Dawson, P. (2014) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12128 · Cited by 15
Observer blind randomised controlled trial of a tailored home exercise programme versus usual care in people with stable inflammatory immune mediated neuropathy
White, C. M., Hadden, R. D. M., Roberts-Lewis, S. F., McCrone, P., & Petty, J. L. (2015) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0398-x · Cited by 15
“Self-efficacy; an individuals confidence in their ability to exercise, will be measured using the self-efficacy for exercise (SEE) scale [57].”
BackgroundMethod
Psychometric evaluation of the Korean Version of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale for older adults
Choi, M., Ahn, S., & Jung, D. (2015) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015.03.005 · Cited by 15
A Physical Therapist–Administered Physical Activity Intervention After Total Knee Replacement: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Christiansen, M. B., Thoma, L. M., Master, H., Schmitt, L., Pohlig, R. T., & White, D. K. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy037 · Cited by 14
A protocol for a randomized clinical trial of interactive video dance: potential for effects on cognitive function
Jovancevic, J., Rosano, C., Perera, S., Erickson, K. I., & Studenski, S. A. (2012) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-12-23 · Cited by 19
Impact of a Community-Based Falls Prevention Program on Maintenance of Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Laforest, S., Pelletier, A., Gauvin, L. I., Robitaille, Y., Fournier, M., Corriveau, H., & Filiatrault, J. (2009) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264308328988 · Cited by 15
Impact of tailored falls prevention education for older adults at hospital discharge on engagement in falls prevention strategies postdischarge: protocol for a process evaluation
Naseri, C., McPhail, S., Netto, J., Haines, T. P., Morris, M. E., Etherton‐Beer, C., Flicker, L. A., Lee, D. A., Francis‐Coad, J., & Hill, A. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020726 · Cited by 18
Feasibility and acceptability of PrE-operative Physical Activity to improve patient outcomes After major cancer surgery: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial (PEPA Trial)
Steffens, D., Young, J. M., Beckenkamp, P. R., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2481-2 · Cited by 15
“Exercise self-efficacy (measured with the Exercise Self-efficacy Scale) [37] and depression, anxiety, stress (measured with the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale) [38] will be assessed at baseline.”
Method
Factors Associated with the Stages of Change for Strength Training Behavior
Harada, K., Oka, K., Shibata, A., Ota, A., Okada, J., & Nakamura, Y. (2008) · International Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.5432/ijshs.ijshs20070313 · Cited by 15
“In reference to a self-efficacy scale for exercise behavior developed in Japan (Oka, 2003b) and previous study (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000), two experts in behavioral science brainstormed and created 5 situations that disturbed engagement in strength training (i.e., physical fatigue, psychological…”
Method
USING OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY: PREDICTORS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG WOMEN WITH DIABETES TYPE 2
Peyman, N., Esmaily, H., Taghipour, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Research and Health · Cited by 15
Feasibility and tolerability of moderate intensity regular physical exercise as treatment for core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized pilot study
Svedell, L. A., Lidström-Holmqvist, K., Lindvall, M. A., Cao, Y., & Msghina, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2023.1133256 · Cited by 15
“1, MADRS-S (40, 41), EQ-5D-5l, Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-10) (42), Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE-SV) (43) and Insomnia Severity Index (44).”
Development of the Physical Literacy in Adults Scale (PLAS)
Naylor, A., Flood, A. P., Barnett, L. M., & Keegan, R. J. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2383486 · Cited by 14
“Likewise, as confidence was also a core element of the psychological domain, we selected the Self-efficacy for Exercise scale (SEE).”
Influential
Promoting physical activity in sedentary elderly Malays with type 2 diabetes: a protocol for randomised controlled trial
Sazlina, S.-G., Browning, C. J., & Yasin, S. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002119 · Cited by 14
“155),[59] and has been validated in elderly,[60].”
Fracture in the Elderly Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation (FEMuR): study protocol for a phase II randomised feasibility study of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation package following hip fracture [ISRCTN22464643]
Williams, N. H., Hawkes, C., Din, N. U., Roberts, J. L., Charles, J. M., Morrison, V. L., Hoare, Z., Edwards, R. T., Andrew, J. G., Alexander, S., et al. (2015) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-015-0008-0 · Cited by 14
“There is evidence of validity and reliability [33-36].”
Background
The Chinese version of the Outcome Expectations for Exercise scale: Validation study
Lee, L.-L., Chiu, Y.-Y., Ho, C.-C., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.11.001 · Cited by 14
University–Community Partnerships Using a Participatory Action Research Model to Evaluate the Impact of Dance for Health
Atkins, R., Deatrick, J. A., Bowman, C., Bolick, A., McCurry, I. J., & Lipman, T. H. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8120113 · Cited by 16
“Adding measures of perceived social support [84,85], confidence [86], and caregiver strain [87] will more thoroughly assist with evaluating the overall positive impact of the DFH on these community participants and enhance sustainability.”
Background
A classroom-based physical activity intervention for adolescents: Is there an effect on self-efficacy, physical activity, and on-task behavior?
Cornelius, C., Fedewa, A. L., & Toland, M. D. (2020) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2020.99002 · Cited by 17
Moderators of the Effect of a Self-directed Digitally Delivered Exercise Program for People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Nelligan, R. K., Hinman, R. S., McManus, F. J., Lamb, K. E., & Bennell, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/30768 · Cited by 14
“Exercise self-efficacy relates to one’s ability to continue exercising in the face of barriers to exercise [32].”
Qigong Training Positively Impacts Both Posture and Mood in Breast Cancer Survivors With Persistent Post-surgical Pain: Support for an Embodied Cognition Paradigm
Quixadá, A. P., Miranda, J. G. V., Osypiuk, K., Bonato, P., Vergara-Diaz, G. P., Ligibel, J. A., Mehling, W. E., Thompson, E. T., & Wayne, P. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.800727 · Cited by 15
Understanding shedders: Which socio‐demographic, health and wellbeing characteristics best inform appropriate health promotion action in men's sheds and a ‘Shed for Life’?
McGrath, A., Murphy, N. M., Egan, T., et al. (2022) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.649 · Cited by 14
Physical and Affective Physical Literacy Domains Improved After a Six-Week Exergame Exercise Program in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Campelo, A. M., Weisberg, A., Sheehan, D. P., Schneider, K., Cossich, V. R. A., & Katz, L. (2023) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2022.0212 · Cited by 15
La medición de los autocuidados: una revisión de la bibliografía
Mendoza, C. L. M., Cabrero‐García, J., Richart‐Martínez, M., Orts‐Cortés, M. I., & Cabañero‐Martínez, M. J. (2005) · Enfermería Clínica · doi:10.1016/s1130-8621(05)71087-1 · Cited by 14
Physical activity behavior change for older veterans after dysvascular amputation
Miller, M. J., Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E., Fields, T. T., COONS, D. J., Bray-Hall, S., Sullivan, W. J., & Christiansen, C. L. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.01.008 · Cited by 14
A series of n-of-1 studies examining the interrelationships between social cognitive theory constructs and physical activity behaviour within individuals
Smith, G. D., Williams, L., O’Donnell, C., & McKechnie, J. (2018) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1500576 · Cited by 14
Structured group education programme and accompanying mHealth intervention to promote physical activity in women with a history of gestational diabetes: A randomised controlled trial
Khunti, K., Sukumar, N., Waheed, G., Gillies, C., Dallosso, H. M., Brough, C., Davies, M. J., Fitzpatrick, C., Gray, L. J., HIGHTON, P. J., et al. (2023) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15118 · Cited by 16
“>12 months and ≤24 months 35 (24) 30 (21) 65 (22)”
Personalised exercise rehabilitation in cancer survivorship: the percs triage and referral system study protocol
Brennan, L. K., Sheill, G., Collier, S., Browne, P., Donohoe, C. L., O’Neill, L. M., Hussey, J. M., & Guinan, E. M. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-024-12266-x · Cited by 16
Optimizing Total Knee Arthroplasty Rehabilitation With Telehealth Physical Activity Behavior Change Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Christiansen, C. L., Kline, P. W., Anderson, C. B., Melanson, E. L., Sullivan, W. J., Richardson, V. L., Juarez‐Colunga, E., & Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E. (2024) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzae088 · Cited by 14
Exercise videogames for physical activity and fitness: Design and rationale of the Wii Heart Fitness trial
Bock, B. C., Thind, H. K., DUNSIGER, S. I., Serber, E. R., Ciccolo, J. T., Cobb, V., Palmer, K., Abernathy, S., & Marcus, B. H. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.04.007 · Cited by 17
“92 [71].”
Behavioural intervention to increase physical activity among patients with coronary heart disease: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial
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“Selfefficacy for PA is assessed using the Exercise Self Efficacy Scale (ESES) (Resnick and Jenkins, 2000).”
Method
Developing a Restorative Care Program
Resnick, B. M., & Fleishell, A. (2002) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/00000446-200207000-00046 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Self-Efficacy and Its Sources as Determinants of Physical Activity among Older People
Warner, L. M., & French, D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71291-8_12 · Cited by 15
Motivational factors for initiating and maintaining physical activity among adults aged over fifty targeted by a tailored intervention
Peels, D. A., Verboon, P., van Stralen, M. M., Bolman, C. A. W., Golsteijn, R. H. J., Mudde, A. N., de Vries, H., & Lechner, L. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1734202 · Cited by 14
Trekstock RENEW: evaluation of a 12-week exercise referral programme for young adult cancer survivors delivered by a cancer charity
Pugh, G., Below, N., Fisher, A., Reynolds, J., & Epstone, S. (2020) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05373-5 · Cited by 13
“Physical activity self-efficacy was measured using the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale [21] which is made up of thirteen items relating to the ability to continue exercising in the face of barriers to exercise.”
Method

Authors: Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
ORCID: Resnick, Barbara
Venue: Nursing Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-159
ISSN: 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007
OpenAlex: W2073037367
Semantic Scholar: e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
Cited by: 810
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

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