The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.
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“We also collected information on participants’ self-efficacy to participate in physical activity with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) [44].”
From Engaging women with an embodied conversational agent to deliver mindfulness and lifestyle recommendations: A feasibility randomized control trial (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
Citations
Cites
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MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE???1984
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On the Meaning of within-Factor Correlated Measurement Errors
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Resnick, 2000, Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26, 17
- Sharon, 1997, ging, 1, 103
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Ban, N., Guo, M., Zhu, S., Miao, X., Tan, D., & Ma, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1846279
“The SEE Scale was developed by Resnick et al. in 2000 to evaluate individuals’ confidence in maintaining exercise despite barriers (29).”
Xi, Y., Zhang, M., Han, L., Liu, M., Xiong, J., Liu, Y., Dou, X., Wan, B., Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1915056
“The Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale was developed by Resnick et al. (20).”
Zhang, C., & Guo, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1939242
“Confidence in the ability to exercise was measured with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale, which ranges from 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater confidence (26, 27).”
An exercise referral scheme within a university's mental health services: implementation and impact
DANIELS, B. T., Jett, K. M., GALLAGHER, K. M., Robinson, S., DAVIS, R. E., Gray, M., & Howie, E. K. (2026) · Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche · doi:10.23736/s0393-3660.25.06266-7
Falls and fall related injury in older people with chronic liver disease
Frith, J. (2011) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Metadata
- Authors
- Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- ORCID
- Resnick, Barbara
- Venue
- Nursing Research
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 154-159
- ISSN
- 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073037367
- Semantic Scholar
- e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy
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