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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.
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“We also collected information on participants’ self-efficacy to participate in physical activity with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) [44].”
From Engaging women with an embodied conversational agent to deliver mindfulness and lifestyle recommendations: A feasibility randomized control trial (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
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Exercise Adherence Following Physical Therapy Intervention in Older Adults With Impaired Balance
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Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale: Utility and Psychometrics
Resnick, B. M., Zimmerman, S. I., Orwig, D., Furstenberg, A.-L., & Magaziner, J. S. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/55.6.s352 · Cited by 278
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“12 For example, one study 19 reported a Pearson correlation coef fi cient to determine reliability but this is deemed unacceptable due to systematic differences not being accounted for.”
BackgroundJones, F., Partridge, C. J., & Reid, F. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02333.x · Cited by 218
“The most common method is the measure of self-efficacy strength, e.g. the Arthritis Self Efficacy Scale (Lorig et al. 1989a), and the Self- Efficacy for Exercise Scale (Resnick & Jenkins 2000).”
Latham, N. K., Harris, B. A., Bean, J. F., Heeren, T., Goodyear, C., Zawacki, S. A., Heislein, D. M., Mustafa, J., Pardasaney, P. K., Giorgetti, M., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.469 · Cited by 205
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Predictors of physical activity and barriers to exercise in nursing and medical students
Blake, H., Stanulewicz, N., & McGill, F. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13181 · Cited by 212
“This scale was previously shown to be reliable (Resnick & Jenkins 2000).”
MethodJefferis, B. J. M. H., Iliffe, S., Kendrick, D., Kerse, N. M., Trost, S. G., LENNON, L. T., Ash, S., Sartini, C., Morris, R. W., Wannamethee, S. G., et al. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-114 · Cited by 191
“Exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectation are important constructs from the domain of theory of behaviour change and in our study, as elsewhere, were strongly predictive of activity levels [25].”
The Effect of Social Support on Exercise Behavior in Older Adults
Resnick, B. M., Orwig, D., Magaziner, J. S., & Wynne, C. (2002) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/105477380201100105 · Cited by 191
“The Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (Resnick, Zimmerman, et al., 2000) is a nine-item measure that focuses on the perceived consequences of exercise for older adults.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationChange in perceived psychosocial status following a 12‐week Tai Chi exercise programme
Taylor‐Piliae, R. E., Haskell, W. L., Waters, C. M., & Froelicher, E. S. (2006) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03809.x · Cited by 187
“…respond to nine items about their perceived confidence in exercising five times per week for 30 minutes (0, not at all confident; 100, very confident) when faced with situations known to impede exercise participation (TCSE barriers; Katula et al. 1999, Resnick & Jenkins 2000, Bandura 2001).”
BackgroundNelligan, R. K., Hinman, R. S., Kasza, J., Crofts, S., & Bennell, K. L. (2021) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0991 · Cited by 174
Factors Associated With Exercise Behavior in People With Parkinson Disease
Ellis, T. D., Cavanaugh, J. T., Earhart, G. M., Ford, M. P., Foreman, K. B., Fredman, L., Boudreau, J. K., & Dibble, L. E. (2011) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20100390 · Cited by 181
Positive messaging promotes walking in older adults.
Notthoff, N., & Carstensen, L. L. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0036748 · Cited by 168
Gardiner, P. M., McCue, K. D., Negash, L. M., Cheng, T., White, L. F., Yinusa-Nyahkoon, L., Jack, B. W., & Bickmore, T. W. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.04.015 · Cited by 139
“We also collected information on participants’ self-efficacy to participate in physical activity with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE) [44].”
MethodThe Resilience Scale: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Applicability in Older Adults
Resnick, B. M., & Inguito, P. (2010) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2010.05.001 · Cited by 162
Self-citationPath analysis of efficacy expectations and exercise behaviour in older adults
Resnick, B. M., Palmer, M. H., Jenkins, L. S., & Spellbring, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01463.x · Cited by 141
Self-citationPicha, K. J., & Howell, D. (2017) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1194 · Cited by 129
“The Self‐Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000), the Exercise Self‐Efficacy Scale FIGURE 1 Self‐efficacy model for improved adherence to home exercise programmes (HEPs) (ESES) (Hammer, Degerfeldt, & Denison, 2007;, Kroll, Kehn, Ho, & Groah, 2007) and the Exercise Self‐Efficacy…”
Lee, L.-L., Perng, S., Ho, C.-C., Hsu, H.-M., Lau, S.-C., & Arthur, A. J. (2008) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.09.003 · Cited by 128
“In prior research, older adults were able to respond to the 0–10 scale questionnaire (Resnick, 1998a; Resnick and Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-Efficacy Intervention Effect on Physical Activity in Older Adults
Allison, M. J., & Keller, C. S. (2004) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945903259350 · Cited by 124
“Recent revisions of this scale have included the addition of items relevant to other study groups, as well as deletions of repetitive items (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
Lee, L.-L., Arthur, A. J., & Avis, M. (2006) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.09.001 · Cited by 120
Keating, S. E., Sabag, A., Hallsworth, K., Hickman, I. J., Macdonald, G. A., Stine, J. G., George, J., & Johnson, N. A. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01918-w · Cited by 119
“(iv) Patient-important outcome measures: Practitioners should assess issues particularly relevant to MAFLD such as rating levels of fatigue, energy and exercise-related self-efficacy (e.g. via the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale [39]).”
Litman, L., Rosen, Z., Spierer, D. K., Weinberger-Litman, S. L., Goldschein, A., & Robinson, J. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4142 · Cited by 129
“The scale has an alpha reliability coefficient of .92, and it significantly predicts self-reported activity [30].”
Motivators and Barriers to Exercise in Parkinson’s Disease
Afshari, M., Yang, A., & Bega, D. (2017) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-171173 · Cited by 115
“Including a validated survey such as the “Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale” could have been useful in assessing the reliability of our data, but in order to reduce the time to complete the survey we did not include this [19].”
MethodTesting A Theoretical Model of Exercise Behavior for Older Adults
Resnick, B. M., & Nigg, C. R. (2003) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200303000-00004 · Cited by 114
“(Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA meta-analysis of the relation between self-compassion and self-efficacy
Liao, K. Y.-H., Stead, G. B., & Liao, C.-Y. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01626-4 · Cited by 109
Physical activity measurement- a primer for health promotion
Bauman, A., Phongsavan, P., Schoeppe, S., & Owen, N. (2006) · Promotion & Education · doi:10.1177/10253823060130020103 · Cited by 199
“…Habits Scale Key reference Kerner & Grossman 2001 Rhodes & Courneya 2003 Kendzierski & DeCarlo 1991 Marcus et al., 1992 Kerner & Grossman 2001 Resnick & Jenkins 2000 Sallis et al., 1988 Sallis et al., 1987 Item examples (Number of items) How much control do you have over whether you do or do…”
BackgroundChao, Y., Scherer, Y. K., Wu, Y.-W., Lucke, K. T., & Montgomery, C. A. (2013) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2013.05.006 · Cited by 107
Miller, K. J., Mesagno, C., McLaren, S., Grace, F., Yates, M. W., & Gomez, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02145 · Cited by 105
Social Cognitive Theory in Diabetes Exercise Research: An Integrative Literature Review
Allen, N. A. (2004) · The diabetes educator · doi:10.1177/014572170403000516 · Cited by 123
Testing the Effect of Function‐Focused Care in Assisted Living
Resnick, B. M., Galik, E. M., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03699.x · Cited by 104
Self-citationMarshall, P. W., & Murphy, B. A. (2006) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.06.025 · Cited by 104
“This assessment was to assess the patient’s beliefs in their ability to exercise 3 times per week, fulfilling the requirements of the program shown to them for 40+ minutes per session over the next 4 weeks.(34,35) Neuromuscular profile.”
MethodTesting a model of exercise behavior in older adults
Resnick, B. M. (2001) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.1011 · Cited by 100
Self-citationvan Stralen, M. M., de Vries, H., Mudde, A. N., Bolman, C. A. W., & Lechner, L. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023579 · Cited by 98
“Definitely not able ( 2) to definitely able ( 2) .93 Resnick & Jenkins, 2000; van Stralen et al., 2008 Perceived environment 8 Please indicate which of the following facilities are situated in your direct environment?”
BackgroundPredictors of weight loss success. Exercise vs. dietary self-efficacy and treatment attendance
Byrne, S. A., Barry, D., & Petry, N. M. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.005 · Cited by 96
Kaşıkçı, M., van der Bijl, J. J., Shortridge‐Baggett, L. M., Aştı, T. A., & Ergüney, S. (2005) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.07.008 · Cited by 97
Effects of a Pedometer-Based Intervention on Physical Activity Levels After Cardiac Rehabilitation
Butler, L., Furber, S. E., Phongsavan, P., Mark, A., & Bauman, A. E. (2009) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0b013e31819a01ff · Cited by 95
Frith, J., Day, C. P., Robinson, L. J., Elliott, C., Jones, D. E. J., & Newton, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.010 · Cited by 94
“Reliability and validity have been confirmed for this tool [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialMeasurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology
(2012) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781492596332 · Cited by 95
Resnick, B. M., Luisi, D., & Vogel, A. L. (2008) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2008.00699.x · Cited by 91
Self-citationResnick, B. M., Luisi, D., Vogel, A. L., & Junaleepa, P. (2004) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/jnum.12.3.235 · Cited by 91
Self-citationTESTING THE EFFECT OF THE WALC Intervention on EXERCISE ADHERENCE in OLDER ADULTS
Resnick, B. M. (2002) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-20020601-10 · Cited by 89
Self-citationTesting the effectiveness of the exercise plus program in older women post-hip fracture
Resnick, B. M., Orwig, D., Yu-Yahiro, J. A., Hawkes, W., Shardell, M. D., Hebel, J. R., Zimmerman, S. I., Golden, J., Werner, M., & Magaziner, J. S. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02879922 · Cited by 87
“Exercise Scale ( 33 ) is a nine-item measure (range ¼ 0–10) that focuses on self-efficacy expectations related to the ability to continue to exercise in the face of barriers to exercising.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFear of Movement and Associated Factors Among Adults With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis
Gunn, A. H., Schwartz, T. A., Arbeeva, L. S., Callahan, L. F., Golightly, Y. M., Goode, A. P., Hill, C. H., Huffman, K. M., Iversen, M. D., Pathak, A., et al. (2017) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23226 · Cited by 94
“The SEE scale was used to assess participants’ self-reported ability to continue exercise in the face of barriers to exercise (20).”
BackgroundMethodTai Chi in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Yeh, G. Y., Wood, M. J., Wayne, P. M., Quilty, M. T., Stevenson, L. W., Davis, R. B., Phillips, R. S., & Forman, D. E. (2012) · Congestive Heart Failure · doi:10.1111/chf.12005 · Cited by 86
Toward Understanding Ambulatory Activity Decline in Parkinson Disease
Cavanaugh, J. T., Ellis, T. D., Earhart, G. M., Ford, M. P., Foreman, K. B., & Dibble, L. E. (2015) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20140498 · Cited by 80
Quantifying daily physical activity and determinants in sedentary patients with Parkinson's disease
Dontje, M. L., Greef, M. H. G. D., Speelman, A. D., van Nimwegen, M., Krijnen, W. P., Stolk, R. P., Kamsma, Y. P. T., Bloem, B. R., Munneke, M., & van der Schans, C. P. (2013) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.05.014 · Cited by 81
Furber, S. E., Butler, L., Phongsavan, P., Mark, A., & Bauman, A. E. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.11.012 · Cited by 78
“Data on selfefficacy for exercise, was collected using the self-efficacy for exercise scale (adapted from Resnick and Jenkins [15]).”
MethodPeterson, J. J., Lowe, J. B., Peterson, N. A., Nothwehr, F. K., Janz, K. F., & Lobas, J. G. (2008) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.07061153 · Cited by 77
“The theoretical role of self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between social support and a behaviour(22) has been demonstrated previously in the physical activity literature.(23,49,50) The present study adds support to that hypothesis.”
ResultReliability and Validity of the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale-2
Resnick, B. M. (2005) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.13.4.382 · Cited by 77
Self-citationPearl, R. L., Wadden, T. A., Bach, C., Gruber, K. A., Leonard, S. M., Walsh, O. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Berkowitz, R. I. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000480 · Cited by 81
“Behavioral outcome measures included changes in self-efficacy, as assessed by the Weight and Lifestyle Efficacy-Short Form (WEL; Ames, Heckman, Grothe, & Clark, 2012) and Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEES; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
MethodPhysical activity and depression: A multiple mediation analysis
Pickett, K., Yardley, L., & Kendrick, T. (2012) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.10.001 · Cited by 77
Physical and Psychosocial Effects of Wii Fit Exergames Use in Assisted Living Residents
Chao, Y., Scherer, Y. K., Montgomery, C. A., Wu, Y.-W. B., & Lucke, K. T. (2014) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773814562880 · Cited by 75
“…surveys included a 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15; Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986), SF-8™ Health Survey (SF-8; Ware, Kosinski, Dewey, & Gandek, 2001), Falls Efficacy Scale (FES; Tinetti, Richman, & Powell, 1990), and Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
van Stralen, M. M., de Vries, H., Bolman, C. A. W., Mudde, A. N., & Lechner, L. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9166-8 · Cited by 67
“Selfefficacy was measured using a 10-item scale derived from the validated self-efficacy for exercise scale [38] and focus group interviews with the target population [18], in which”
MethodLevinger, P., Panisset, M. G., Dunn, J., Haines, T. P., Dow, B., Batchelor, F., Biddle, S., Duque, G., & Hill, K. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01824-0 · Cited by 67
Trait mindfulness and intrinsic exercise motivation uniquely contribute to exercise self-efficacy
Neace, S. M., Hicks, A., DeCaro, M. S., & Salmon, P. G. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1748041 · Cited by 70
“gauges the extent to which individuals believe they are capable of being physically active and able to remain so despite various challenges, including fatigue, boredom, and environmental conditions.(17) The term extends from the self-efficacy literature.”
BackgroundPhysical Inactivity and Its Associated Factors among University Students
Goje, M., Salmiah, M. S., Ariffin, A. A., et al. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences · doi:10.9790/0853-13101119130 · Cited by 64
Evaluating the components of the Exercise Plus Program: rationale, theory and implementation
Resnick, B. M. (2002) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/17.5.648 · Cited by 65
Self-citationChronotype, Sleep Characteristics, and Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Hospital Nurses
Zhang, Y., Duffy, J. F., de Castillero, E. R., & Wang, K. (2017) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079917704671 · Cited by 63
“Regular exercise was defined as “exercise three or more times per week (for at least 20-minutes per session to work up a sweat)” (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundSchneider, K. L., Panza, E. A., Handschin, B., Ma, Y., Busch, A. M., Waring, M. E., Appelhans, B. M., Whited, M. C., Keeney, J., Kern, D., et al. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.005 · Cited by 64
“Internal consistency is high (coefficient α = 0.91) in adults (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) and adults with diabetes (Gleeson-Kreig, 2006).”
InfluentialMuchicko, M. M., Lepp, A., & Barkley, J. E. (2014) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2015.1048088 · Cited by 60
“Previous research has demonstrated exemplary internal consistency for this scale (Cronbach α = 0.92, Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
MethodInfluentialDailey, R. M., Richards, A. A., & Romo, L. K. (2010) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210362688 · Cited by 65
“Participants’ exercise self-efficacy was assessed through Resnick and Jenkins’ (2000) nine-item scale.”
MethodModel Testing for Reliability and Validity of the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale
Resnick, B. M., Zimmerman, S. I., Orwig, D., Furstenberg, A.-L., & Magaziner, J. S. (2001) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200109000-00007 · Cited by 58
“Participants completed a one-time, face-to-face interview which included questions about exercise behavior, self-efficacy expectations (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) related to exercise, health status based on the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller 1995; 1996), and the OEE.”
MethodSelf-citationSteffens, D., Young, J. M., Beckenkamp, P. R., Ratcliffe, J., Rubie, F., Ansari, N., Pillinger, N., Koh, C., Muñoz, P. A., & Solomon, M. J. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00765-8 · Cited by 57
“Other outcomes assessed included Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) [22], Self-Efficacy Scale [23], Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS) [24] and pain intensity (Numerical Pain Rating Scale) [25].”
MethodPerceptions and Performance of Function and Physical Activity in Assisted Living Communities
Resnick, B. M., Galik, E. M., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2010) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.02.003 · Cited by 58
Self-citationWickerson, L. M., Helm, D., Gottesman, C., Rozenberg, D., Singer, L. G., Keshavjee, S. H., & Sidhu, A. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/28708 · Cited by 56
“Physical activity and self-efficacy for exercise were measured using the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire [17] and Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale [18], which were sent to LTx candidates in the app at baseline after app registration and four weeks later, and to LTx recipients three mon…”
MethodEffects of a Social Cognitive Theory-Based Hip Fracture Prevention Web Site for Older Adults
Nahm, E., BARKER, B., Resnick, B. M., Covington, B., Magaziner, J. S., & Brennan, P. F. (2010) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncn.0b013e3181f69d73 · Cited by 55
“Validity of the measure was supported using a hypothesis testing approach.(33) Validity coefficients using SEM (all estimates Q0.”
MethodSelf-citationEmbedding Patient Education in Mobile Platform for Patients With Heart Failure
Athilingam, P. R., Osorio, R. E., Kaplan, H. M., Oliver, D., O’neachtain, T., & Rogal, P. J. (2016) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/cin.0000000000000216 · Cited by 55
“92) was modified and used to measure self-efficacy.(38) This modified self-efficacy/confidence”
MethodHeart Failure and Exercise: A Narrative Review of the Role of Self-Efficacy
Ha, F. J., Hare, D. L., Cameron, J. D., & Toukhsati, S. R. (2017) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2017.08.012 · Cited by 55
Ang, D. C., Kaleth, A. S., Bigatti, S., Mazzuca, S., Saha, C., Hilligoss, J., Lengerich, M., & Bandy, R. (2011) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2010.08.014 · Cited by 51
“Exercise self-efficacy (ESE): This is a 9-item scale designed to measure a person’s perceptions of her confidence to engage in physical activity in various situations[59].”
BackgroundDavis, A. H. T., Figueredo, A. J., Fahy, B. F., & Rawiworrakul, T. (2007) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2006.08.007 · Cited by 54
Effects of crisis efficacy on intentions to follow directives during crisis
Avery, E. J., & Park, S. (2016) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/1062726x.2016.1165681 · Cited by 57
“Previous studies have adopted a similar approach; for example, Resnick and Jenkins (2000) developed an exercise selfefficacy scale that can be applied to different exercise types.”
MethodPatient-reported physical activity questionnaires: a systematic review of content and format
Williams, K., Frei, A., Vetsch, A., Dobbels, F., Puhan, M. A., & Rüdell, K. (2012) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-28 · Cited by 52
“Self-efficacy/confidence in performing physical activities 7 [18,24,35,80,92,104,112]”
BackgroundLiang, I. J., Perkin, O. J., McGuigan, P. M., Thompson, D., & Western, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2020-0391 · Cited by 53
“…namely, their perceived competence (Williams & Gill, 1995), which uses a Likert scale from 1 (low competence) to 7 (high competence); self-efficacy (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000), which asks participants to rate their confidence in overcoming eight barriers to exercise, such as boredom, pain, and…”
BackgroundAnderson, C. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119851798 · Cited by 52
“Research supports the reliability and validity of the SEES (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNemanich, S. T., Duncan, R. P., Dibble, L. E., Cavanaugh, J. T., Ellis, T. D., Ford, M. P., Foreman, K. B., & Earhart, G. M. (2013) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2013/141720 · Cited by 51
“High scores are associated with greater confidence about exercise programs (CONF), more negative beliefs about exercise (BEL), and positive exercise self-efficacy (EFFIC).”
BackgroundInfluentialLooyestyn, J., Kernot, J., Boshoff, K., & Maher, C. A. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7862 · Cited by 51
“As per standard procedure, the Self-Efficacy Barriers to Exercise Measure was scored by adding the ratings for each response and dividing the sum by 13 [31].”
MethodIdentifying supports and barriers to physical activity in patients at risk for diabetes.
Donahue, K. E., Mielenz, T. J., Sloane, P. D., Callahan, L. F., & DeVellis, R. F. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 50
Shaughnessy, M., Resnick, B. M., & Macko, R. F. (2004) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2004.07.002 · Cited by 49
Self-citationAlsaleh, E., Windle, R. J., & Blake, H. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3313-5 · Cited by 50
“Exercise self-efficacy was assessed using the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) which has established reliability and validity [44].”
MethodGoldstein, E., Topitzes, J., Brown, R., & Barrett, B. P. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318772608 · Cited by 50
“The ESES is a 9-item measure of exercise-related self-efficacy (Resnick and Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundImplementing a restorative care philosophy of care in assisted living: Pilot testing of Res‐Care‐AL
Resnick, B. M., Galik, E. M., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00394.x · Cited by 49
“Validity with efficacy expectations significantly related to exercise activity and construct validity based on confirmatory factor analysis (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) Participants responded as either Yes = confident or No = not confident.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPromoting physical activity after stroke via self-management: a feasibility study
Preston, E., Dean, C. M., Ada, L., Stanton, R., Brauer, S., Kuys, S. S., & Waddington, G. S. (2017) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2017.1304876 · Cited by 49
Chung, B. P. H., Chiang, W. K. H., Lau, H. M.-C., Lau, T. F. O., Lai, C.-L., Sit, C. S. Y., Chan, K. Y., Yeung, C. Y., Lo, T. M., Hui, E., et al. (2020) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1142/s1013702520500079 · Cited by 49
“An original English version of the SEE scale was designed to test people's con ̄dence to continue exercising in the face of barriers to exercise.(32) This scale has a range of total scores from 0 to 90.”
MethodOyibo, K., Orji, R., & Vassileva, J. (2018) · Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.1007/s41666-018-0026-9 · Cited by 49
“Self-Efficacy (SE) [63] and Physical Environment (ENV) [69] were directly measured, while Social Support (SS) [64], Self-Regulation (SR) [44] and Outcome Expectation (OE) [65] were indirectly measured.”
MethodTian, H., Zhou, W., Qiu, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063243 · Cited by 46
“The Chinese Version of the Self-efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEES-C), modified from a previous study [40] by Lee et al.”
MethodRowe, N. F. (2015) · International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics · doi:10.1080/19406940.2014.915228 · Cited by 46
“…to each of the three sporting capital domains and drew from existing validated psychometric scales and, in particular, the Physical Self-Perception Profile Manual developed by Fox and Corbin (1989) and the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale developed initially by Resnick and Jenkins (2000).”
MethodVahabi, M., & Damba, C. (2014) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2014.09.007 · Cited by 46
Older Adults’ Participation in Nursing Home Placement Decisions
Johnson, R. A., Popejoy, L., & Radina, M. E. (2010) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773810372990 · Cited by 46
Development and Validation of the Strengths Self-Efficacy Scale (SSES)
Tsai, C., Chaichanasakul, A., Zhao, R., Flores, L. Y., & Lopez, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072713493761 · Cited by 46
“…of self-efficacy in different context and situations (e.g., Chen, Gully, & Eden, 2001; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995; Sherer et al., 1982) and to measure self-efficacy for specific tasks (e.g., Brenowitz & Tuttle, 2003; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000; Solberg et al., 1994; Zimmerman & Kitsantas, 2005).”
BackgroundQuicke, J. G., Foster, N. E., Ogollah, R. O., Croft, P. R., & Holden, M. A. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23104 · Cited by 45
“92 (27) and has been used in previous studies of older adults with joint pain (17).”
BackgroundMethodOpotowsky, A. R., Rhodes, J., Landzberg, M. J., Bhatt, A. B., Shafer, K. M., Yeh, D. D., Crouter, S. E., & Tikkanen, A. Ú. (2018) · World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery · doi:10.1177/2150135117752123 · Cited by 44
Factors Associated with Exercise Among Older Adults in a Continuing Care Retirement Community
Resnick, B. M., & D’Adamo, C. R. (2011) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2011.tb00065.x · Cited by 44
“Study measures included the Self-Efficacy Expectations for Exercise Scale (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000), Outcome Expectations for Exercise (OEE)-2 Scale (Resnick, 2005), Resilience (Wagnild & Young, 1993), the MMSE (Folstein et al., 1975), a single-item health Factors Associated with Exercise Among…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationRossi, A., Garber, C., Ortiz, M., Shankar, V., Goldberg, G., & Nevadunsky, N. (2016) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.05.034 · Cited by 49
“Barrier self-efficacy was assessed using the 9-item Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale [24], which asks participants how confident they are that they would continue their physical activity when confrontedwith barriers such as a boring programor poorweather.”
MethodResnick, B. M., Nahm, E., Zhu, S., Brown, C. H., An, M., Park, B., & Brown, J. (2014) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0000000000000084 · Cited by 43
“Prior use provided evidence of internal consistency (alpha coeffi - cients ranging from .88 to .93) and validity based on confi rmatory factor analysis (Resnick et al., 2000, 2001).”
Self-citationvan Bree, R. J. H., van Stralen, M. M., Bolman, C. A. W., Mudde, A. N., de Vries, H., & Lechner, L. (2012) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2012.749476 · Cited by 43
“The items were based on the questionnaire developed by Resnick and Jenkins (2000) and on focus group interviews with the target group (van Stralen et al., 2008).”
MethodFoster, N. E., Healey, E. L., Holden, M. A., Nicholls, E. E., Whitehurst, D. G. T., Jowett, S. M., Jinks, C., Roddy, E., & Hay, E. M. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-254 · Cited by 43
“A range of secondary outcomes will be collected: the proportion of treatment responders using the internationally agreed Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT-OARSI) clinical responder criteria [16,17] that combines data on pain and function from the WOMAC [48] with patient’s global assessment of c…”
Staite, E., Bayley, A., Al-Ozairi, E., Stewart, K., Hopkins, D., Rundle, J., Basudev, N., Mohamedali, Z., & Ismail, K. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/15448 · Cited by 39
“Self-efficacy was measured using the self-efficacy for exercise scale, which has 9 items and a score range of 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy [27].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- ORCID
- Resnick, Barbara
- Venue
- Nursing Research
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 154-159
- ISSN
- 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073037367
- Semantic Scholar
- e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy
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