Cited by 810Physical Activity and HealthHealth Education and ValidationPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

Resnick, Barbara, Jenkins, Louise S.·2000·Nursing Research

DOI 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.

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Method
Walking in the high-rise city: a Health Enhancement and Pedometer-determined Ambulatory (HEPA) program in Hong Kong
Leung, A. Y. M., Cheung, M. K. T., Tse, M., Shum, W. C., Lancaster, J., & Lam, C. L. K. (2014) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s66351 · Cited by 9
Motive8! Feasibility of a Text Messaging Intervention to Promote Physical Activity in Knee Osteoarthritis
Blake, H. (2015) · International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine · doi:10.23937/2469-5718/1510027 · Cited by 9
“Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE): The SEE is a brief, validated measure of self-efficacy for exercise, showing good evidence of reliability and validity [33].”
Method
Instruments to assess self‐efficacy among people with cardiovascular disease: A COSMIN systematic review
Kavradım, S. T., Yangöz, Ş. T., Özer, Z., & Boz, İ. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13606 · Cited by 9
The MIPAM trial: a 12-week intervention with motivational interviewing and physical activity monitoring to enhance the daily amount of physical activity in community-dwelling older adults – a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Larsen, R. T., Korfitsen, C. B., Juhl, C. B., Andersen, H. B., Christensen, J., & Langberg, H. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01815-1 · Cited by 9
“The SEE-DK has been translated and adapted to Danish communitydwelling older adults by our research group (translation found in Additional file 4).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Qigong mind-body program for caregivers of cancer patients: design of a pilot three-arm randomized clinical trial
Budhrani-Shani, P., Raeesi, K., Walter, E., Lewis, K., Wang, W., Cohen, L. G., Yeh, G. Y., Lengacher, C. A., & Wayne, P. M. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00793-4 · Cited by 9
A multi-component, community-engaged intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in perimenopausal Latinas: pilot study protocol
Cortés, Y. I., Berry, D. C., Perreira, K. M., Stuebe, A. M., Stoner, L. R., Giscombé, C. L. W., Crandell, J., Santíago, L., Harris, L. K. K., & Duran, M. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00756-1 · Cited by 10
Social cognitive measures related to exercise behaviour: Validation in Indonesian middle-aged and older adults
Arovah, N. I., & Heesch, K. C. (2022) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2022.100975 · Cited by 12
Digital teaching tools in sports medicine: A randomized control trial comparing the effectiveness of virtual seminar and virtual fishbowl teaching method in medical students
Hertling, S. F., Hertling, D., Matziolis, G., Schleußner, E., Loos, F. M., & Graul, I. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267144 · Cited by 9
“The reliability of the weekly quizzes was determined with the help of Cronbach’s alpha [20].”
Method
The Effect of Self-Selected Exercise Workloads on Perceived Enjoyment and Self-Efficacy in Sedentary Adults
Waaso, P., Gofton, N., & Zuhl, M. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12070224 · Cited by 9
“In a study assessing the PACES validity in older sedentary adults, 91% of sampled participants (out of 179) were Caucasian [43].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Relationship between self-efficacy and pain control in Iranian women with advanced knee osteoarthritis
Ghahramanian, A., Mirmaroofi, N., Behshid, M., Jabbarzadeh, F., Onyeka, T. C., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Sales, J. G. (2019) · Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.4103/njcp.njcp_437_17 · Cited by 9
Losing to Gain: The Effects of a Healthy Lifestyle Intervention on the Physical and Psychosocial Well-being of Clients in a Community-based Mental Health Setting
Mechling, B., & Arms, T. E. (2019) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00371-2 · Cited by 10
An exploration of patients' perceived control, self efficacy and involvement in self care during chemotherapy for colorectal cancer
Kidd, L. (2007) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 9
A randomized trial to promote physical activity in adult pre-hypertensive and hypertensive patients
Bai, Y., Burns, R. D., Gell, N., & Byun, W. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2099179 · Cited by 10
“Eight questions were used to evaluate self-efficacy related to how well individuals feel they could persist to the desired behaviour, and four questions were used to evaluate the confidence they have in making time for exercise (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
Method
Levels of Physical Activity, Enjoyment, Self-Efficacy for Exercise, and Social Support Before and After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: a Longitudinal Prospective Observational Study
Imhagen, A., Karlsson, J., Ohlsson‐Nevo, E., Stenberg, E., Jansson, S. P. O., & Hagberg, L. (2023) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-023-06887-7 · Cited by 8
“Self-efficacy was assessed using the validated Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEES) [27], which measures the ability to exercise 20 min three times a week based on perceived barriers to exercise.”
Method
Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale for the Transtheoretical Model: a confirmatory analysis among Chinese children and adolescents
Yao, L., Zhou, K., Zhou, Y., Kueh, Y. C., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Pan, M., & Kuan, G. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17596-2 · Cited by 10
“Some researchers utilized self-developed scales [58], while others employed different versions of the ESE scale, such as Saunders’ 17-item Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Scale (PASES) [26] or Resnick and Jenkins’ 9-item Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES) [22, 61].”
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of an Exercise Rehabilitation Program on Symptom Burden in Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Clinical Research Protocol
Ford, E., Stewart, K., Garcia, E., Sharma, M., Whitlock, R. H., Getachew, R., Rossum, K., Duhamel, T. A., Verrelli, M., Zacharias, J., et al. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease · doi:10.1177/20543581241234724 · Cited by 8
Development of a Novel Intervention (Mindful Steps) to Promote Long-Term Walking Behavior in Chronic Cardiopulmonary Disease: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Litrownik, D., Gilliam, E. A., Wayne, P. M., Richardson, C. R., Kadri, R., Rist, P. M., Moy, M. L., & Yeh, G. Y. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/27826 · Cited by 9
Is Self-Efficacy for Exercise Predictive of Leisure-Time Physical Activity among Police Officers? A Pilot Study
Streetman, A. E., Becker, A., Mailey, E. L., & Heinrich, K. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141912536 · Cited by 8
Effects of a Massive Open Online Course on osteoarthritis knowledge and pain self-efficacy in people with hip and/or knee osteoarthritis: protocol for the MOOC-OA randomised controlled trial
Nelligan, R. K., Hinman, R. S., Egerton, T., et al. (2023) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06467-x · Cited by 8
“Exercise self‑efficacy via the 9-item Self-efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale [27].”
MethodInfluential
High intensity functional training for people with spinal cord injury & their care partners
Handlery, R., Handlery, K., Kahl, D., Koon, L. M., & Regan, E. W. (2024) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/s41393-024-00977-8 · Cited by 8
“IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 26.0 (IBM SPSS, Chicago, IL) was used for data analysis.”
MethodInfluential
The Impact of Strong for Life on the Physical Functioning and Health of Older Adults Receiving Home and Community-Based Services
Danilovich, M., Corcos, D. M., Eisenstein, A., Márquez, D. X., & Hughes, S. (2016) · The International Journal of Aging and Society · doi:10.18848/2160-1909/cgp/v07i02/1-10 · Cited by 8
“We used the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale to assess the confidence in the ability to exercise in the face of barriers (Resnick and Jenkins 2000).”
Method
Movement through Active Personalised engagement (MAP) — a self-management programme designed to promote physical activity in people with multimorbidity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Dallosso, H. M., Yates, T. E., Mani, H., Gray, L. J., Dhalwani, N. N., Baldry, E. L., Gillies, C., Cradock, S., Batt, M. E., Davies, M. J., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2939-2 · Cited by 10
How to recruit inactive residents for lifestyle interventions: participants’ characteristics based on various recruitment strategies
Smit, E., Leenaars, K. E. F., Wagemakers, A., van der Velden, K., & Molleman, G. R. M. (2020) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaa134 · Cited by 8
“Participants received a booklet with five questionnaires, the SQUASH, the health-related quality of life questionnaire (Rand 36) (Van der Zee and Sanderman, 1993), motivation (Breq-2) (Markland and Tobin, 2004), selfefficacy (SEE) (Resnick and Jenkins, 2000) on a fivepoint Likert scale and personal information questio…”
Method
An online intervention for increasing physical activity in individuals with mood disorders at risk for cardiovascular disease: Design considerations
Sylvia, L. G., Modrow, M. F., Rakhilin, M., Amado, S., Gold, A. K., Albury, E. A., Dinerman, J. G., Dohse, H., Tovey, R. E., Turner, J. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.094 · Cited by 8
A long-term community gym program for people with Parkinson’s disease: a feasibility study of the Monash Health “Health and Fitness” model
Danoudis, M. E., & Iansek, R. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1977396 · Cited by 8
Older Adults’ Experience of an Exergaming Intervention to Improve Balance and Prevent Falls: A Nested Explanatory Qualitative Study
Rogers, C., Shamley, D. R., & Amosun, S. L. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112411678 · Cited by 8
“The mean Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) [42] score for the WBB group at baseline was 7.36 (SD 1.81; the maximum possible score, meaning highest self-efficacy for exercise, is 9).”
Influential
Development and Validation of Chinese University Students’ Physical Activity Motivation Scale Under the Constraint of Physical Education Policies
Lin, B., Teo, E. W., & Yan, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.722635 · Cited by 13
Feasibility of a novel eHealth intervention for Parkinson’s disease targeting motor-cognitive function in the home
Sedhed, J., Johansson, H., Andersson, N., Åkesson, E., Kalbe, E., Franzén, E., & Leavy, B. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03614-2 · Cited by 10
“…Balance Confidence Scale [51]; walking ability, Walk-12G [52]; self-efficacy for exercise, the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, Swedish version [53]; health related quality of life, Euro-Qol 5 Dimensions, three levels [54] and disease-specific health and quality of life, the Parkinson’s…”
Background
Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Versions of Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations for Osteoporosis Medication Adherence Scales in Chinese Immigrants
Qi, B., & Resnick, B. M. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.22.3.472 · Cited by 8
“These measures include calcaneus BMD, measured using a quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus, self-reported previous BMD testing, and the Mandarin versions of self-efficacy for exercise (SEE-C) scale and outcome expectations for exercise (OEE-C) scale (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
MethodSelf-citation
Validity and Reliability of the Index of Self-Regulation Scale for Physical Activity in Older Korean Americans
Yeom, H., & Fleury, J. (2011) · Nursing Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2011/329534 · Cited by 8
“Self-efficacy for physical activity was measured using exercise for self-efficacy (ESE) scale developed by Resnick and Jenkins [22].”
Method
Factors Associated with Exercise Motivation among African-American Men
Mohammed, A., Harrell, J. P., Makambi, K. H., Campbell, A. L., Sloan, L. R., Carter-Nolan, P. L., & Taylor, T. R. (2015) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-015-0158-z · Cited by 8
“Exercise Self-efficacy The Self-efficacy for Exercise Scale [22] is a nine-item scale that was used in this study to measure how confident a participant was that he would exercise when other things got in the way.”
Method
Buy-In for Back Pain: Does Individualization Matter?
Gibbs, M. T., & Marshall, P. W. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology · doi:10.31189/2165-6193-7.4.82 · Cited by 8
“The average of both scores was used to score the patient's exercise self-efficacy (39).”
Method
Analysis of the trajectory and influencing factors of kinesiophobia in elderly patients during the rehabilitation phase of limb fractures
Jiang, Z. (2024) · American Journal of Translational Research · doi:10.62347/vxqb6446 · Cited by 8
Measuring Exercise Self-Efficacy After Stroke: Validity and Reliability of Current Measures
Espernberger, K., Fini, N. A., Ezzat, A. M., & Peiris, C. L. (2024) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000500 · Cited by 7
“The Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEE), 17 the Spinal Cord Injury Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (SCI-ESES), 18 and the “Community Management” subsection of the Participation Strategies Self-Efficacy Scale (PS-SES) 19 have been most commonly used in the stroke literature 20-25 and contain items…”
The Active Brains Digital Intervention to Reduce Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Smith, K. A., Bradbury, K. J., Essery, R., Pollet, S., Mowbray, F., Slodkowska‐Barabasz, J., Denison‐Day, J., Hayter, V., Kelly, J., Somerville, J., et al. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/18929 · Cited by 8
“✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Self-efficacy for exercise [62]”
Evaluation of a Type 2 diabetes risk reduction online program for women with recent gestational diabetes: a randomised trial
Taylor, R., Rollo, M. E., Baldwin, J., Hutchesson, M., Aguiar, E. J., Wynne, K., Young, A. M., Callister, R., & Collins, C. E. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01275-3 · Cited by 11
“Exercise self-efficacy was assessed using the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale (SEE), a 9-item scale which evaluates participants’ level of confidence to exercise 3 times a week for 20 minutes under nine different situations [36].”
BackgroundMethod
The Influence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Other Related Factors upon Health-Related Quality of Life in Women of Reproductive Age: A Case-Control Study
Kite, C., Lahart, I. M., Randeva, H. S., Kyrou, I., & Brown, J. E. P. (2024) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2023.2293968 · Cited by 12
High Intensity Functional Training for People with Parkinson’s & Their Care Partners: A Feasibility Study
Handlery, R., Handlery, K., Kahl, D. E., Koon, L. M., Cabe, S. L., & Regan, E. (2024) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171241231085 · Cited by 7
“36 Scores on this scale range from 0 – 90 with higher scores indicating greater self-ef ﬁ cacy for exercise.”
Background
Reliability and Validity of Measures for Investigating the Determinants of Health Behaviors Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes
Smith, B. J., Cheung, N. W., Najnin, N., et al. (2017) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198117709315 · Cited by 7
Physical activity engagement and responses to exercise in plaque psoriasis: a multifactorial investigation of influential factors
Enos, C., Algrni, K., Voorhees, A. V., & Wilson, P. B. (2020) · Journal of Dermatological Treatment · doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1781756 · Cited by 7
Effect of buddy-style intervention on exercise adherence in community-dwelling disabled older adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial
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Authors: Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
ORCID: Resnick, Barbara
Venue: Nursing Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-159
ISSN: 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007
OpenAlex: W2073037367
Semantic Scholar: e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
Cited by: 810
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

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