Cited by 810Physical Activity and HealthHealth Education and ValidationPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

Resnick, Barbara, Jenkins, Louise S.·2000·Nursing Research

DOI 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.

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O’Reilly, S., Bhriain, O. N., Thabane, L., & Clifford, A. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-106636
“The use of validated self-efficacy scales, such as the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale 78 in future trials would be helpful.”
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Srbely, V., Fortin-Moore, C.-O., Jeewa, A., Lemaire‐Paquette, S., Pidborochynski, T., Khoury, M., Cunningham, C., Dhillon, S., Laroussi, N. A., Vaujois, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cardiac Failure - Intersections · doi:10.1016/j.yjcafi.2026.03.002
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Bireline, A., Hevel, D. J., & Davis, P. G. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/75133 · Cited by 3
“To measure exercise self-efficacy, the Resnick & Jenkins 9-item Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale ( α =.92) was used [33].”
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“Developed by Resnick et al. [23] and subsequently translated into Chinese by Lee et al. [24], this scale comprises nine items rated on a 0–10 Likert scale (0 = no confidence, 10 = complete confidence) to assess an individual’s self-efficacy in overcoming exercise barriers.”
Tailored video-based lifestyle intervention for overweight or obese adults in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial
Yang, Y., Yuth, S., Hwang, O., & Koy, V. (2026) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czag047 · Cited by 1
“Exercise self-efficacy was measured using the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale, which consists of nine items scored on a 10-point Likert scale (0 = not confident to 10 = very confident), with summed scores reflecting greater confidence in exercising (Resnick and Jenkins 2000).”
Evaluation of the Adherence Counselling Toolkit (ACT now): supporting health professionals to support survivors of stroke to self-manage
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Mendis, R., Lynch, T., Khan, A., Thomas, R., & Burton, N. W. (2026) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-026-03812-y
“The Joint Protection Self Efficacy Scale (JP-SES) and Self-Efficacy for exercise (SEE) were excluded as they were specific to only one domain [32, 33].”
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Lundqvist, S., Karlsson, L., Törnqvist, J., & Börjesson, M. (2026) · Translational Exercise Biomedicine · doi:10.1515/teb-2026-0005
“To explore possible mediators associated with changes in the PA level, self-e ﬃ cacy was assessed using the Self-E ﬃ cacy for Exercise Scale (SEES) [67], which includes 9 items to evaluate con ﬁ dence in exercising 3 times per week for 20 min despite barriers.”
Factors influencing kinesiophobia after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation: a cross-sectional study
Zheng, Y., Xu, R., Mengying, Y., Zhang, H., Zuo, T., & Yu, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1807261
“This scale, originally developed by Resnick and Jenkins (17) and subsequently translated into Chinese by Lee et al. It consists of 9 items, each rated on a scale from 0 to 10.”
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“…from 1 to 10 with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy Baseline and 3 months - Exercise self-efficacy via self-efficacy for exercise scale [45], scores range from 0 to 90 with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy Baseline and 3 months - Global rating of change in knee from…”
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“Higher scores correlate with higher levels of self-efficacy for exercise [35].”
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“The Resnick exercise self-efficacy scale (ESE) was developed by Resnick to measure self-efficacy barriers to exercise [26].”
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“…and illness adaptation, including the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK, > 37 indicating presence of kinesiophobia) [16], Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) [25], Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [26], Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) [27], and Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) [28].”
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“The Exercise Self-Eﬃcacy Scale, developed by Resnick and Jenkins (28) and translated by Lee et al. (29) was employed.”
A randomized controlled trial of staged cardiac rehabilitation based on the Health Belief Model on kinesiophobia, self-efficacy and activities of daily living in elderly patients with coronary heart disease
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“The SEE has shown strong reliability for use with adult populations (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
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Hu, K.-L., 谢, 丹., Rui, H.-Z., Wu, Q.-L., & Gao, Y. (2026) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-026-10144-0
“The total score can range from 0 to 90, with higher scores indicating greater confidence in one’s ability to exercise [27].”
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“To illustrate differences in self-efficacy for the health behaviours exercise and healthy diet, a comparison of the ‘Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale’ [23] with ‘The Self-Efficacy Scale for Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (SESAMeD)’ [24] shows their dissimilar items in terms of content.”
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“Self-Efficacy: The exercise self-efficacy scale was developed by Resnick and Jenkins (2000).”
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Gabay, M., Levi, O., Matichescu, M. L., & Oravițan, M. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/93800
“The self-efficacy for exercise (SEE) scale [28] measures self-efficacy in physical exercise and consists of 9 items (α=0.92).”
Influential
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“Exercise self-efficacy was measured using the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale developed by Resnick and Jenkins (2000).”
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“In physical therapy and geriatrics, high self-efficacy directly correlates with increased recovery effort, clinical persistence, and adherence to exercise regimens [8], [9].”

Authors: Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
ORCID: Resnick, Barbara
Venue: Nursing Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-159
ISSN: 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007
OpenAlex: W2073037367
Semantic Scholar: e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
Cited by: 810
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

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