Cited by 810Physical Activity and HealthHealth Education and ValidationPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

Resnick, Barbara, Jenkins, Louise S.·2000·Nursing Research

DOI 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.

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“Self- efficacy for PA was measured using the Self- Efficacy for Exercise Scale- Korean (SEE- K) (Choi et al., 2015) developed by Resnick and Jenkins (2000).”
Method
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The Moderated Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy on Exercise Among Older Adults in an Online Bone Health Intervention Study: A Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Model
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Self-citation
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Determining Predictors of Self-reported Adherence to Rehabilitation Home Programs for Persons with Acquired Brain Injury: A Prospective Observational Study
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“We used a modi-ﬁ ed version of the Self-Ef ﬁ cacy for Exercise Scale (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000) that we had adapted in a previous study on home programs (Donoso Brown et al., 2023).”
Influential
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“The structural validity of factor analysis showed that the cumulative variance of the 4 factors was 70.19%, and the factor load of each item was 0.606-0.909, indicating good validity [31].”
Influential
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Rauzi, M. R., Abbate, L. M., Churchill, L., Garbin, A. J., Forster, J. E., Christiansen, C. L., & Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E. (2025) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13299 · Cited by 5
“47 Each item was rated on a scale of 0 (not confident) to 10 (confident), and higher scores indicated better self-efficacy.”
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“• Self-efficacy: The Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale [16] is a 9-item questionnaire (total scores range from 0 to 90, higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy for exercise) that will be used to assess participants’ confidence in their ability to do exercise.”
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“92) and predictive validity for exercise behavior in older adult populations in the United States [23].”
BackgroundInfluential
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“For this study, we applied the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale [32] to evaluate levels of confidence in exercising under various circumstances unfavorable to exercise, translated as a Chinese version, the SEE-C [31].”
BackgroundMethod
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Eetvelde, J. V., Timmermans, A. A. A., Coninx, K., Kempeneers, K., Meeus, M., Marneffe, W., Meus, T., Meuwissen, I., Roussel, N. A., Stassijns, G., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002180 · Cited by 4
Prospective study of the relation among exercise performance for health promotion, self-efficacy, and outcome expectation of elderly people
Takase, K. (2007) · Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi Japanese Journal of Geriatrics · doi:10.3143/geriatrics.44.107 · Cited by 4
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Galeano, É. M., & Cuevas, V. M. C. (2016) · Aquichan · doi:10.5294/aqui.2016.16.1.8 · Cited by 8
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Nematollahi, M., & Eslami, A. A. (2018) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.12662 · Cited by 4
Does the addition of concurrent visual feedback increase adherence to a home exercise program in people with stroke: a single-case series?
Levy, T., Crotty, M., Laver, K., Lannin, N. A., & Killington, M. (2020) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-020-05202-2 · Cited by 4
The effects of sitting Tai Chi on physical and psychosocial health outcomes among individuals with impaired physical mobility
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“The MEDLINE strategy is presented in Table 2. tervention. methods Examples of measuring tools Berg Balance Scale[27] Sequential Weight Shifting Test[28] Fugl-Meyer Test[29] or devices Isokinetic dynamometer (IsoMed 2000) Hamilton Depression Scale[31] Profile of Mood States Short Form[32] equipments Thermometer, sphygm…”
MethodInfluential
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Kotte, M., Bolam, K. A., Mijwel, S., Altena, R., Cormie, P., & Wengström, Y. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07152-z · Cited by 4
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“This barrier-interference ESE tool was previously validated in an aging population against the Short Form-12 with an internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) of 0.92 [11].”
Influential
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“Researchers have empirically examined this relationship between behavior and self-efficacy in diverse domains (Bandura, 1997) such as education (Chester & Beaudin, 1996), health (Resnick & Jenkins, 1996), and learning (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000).”
Background
Validation of the Chinese Version of the Modified Gait Efficacy Scale for Patients Removing Ilizarov External Fixation Device for Over One Year
An, X., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Luo, W., & Yu, Z. (2020) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s250440 · Cited by 4
DANCE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN
Murrock, C. J. (2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4
Measuring the impact of entrepreneurship education: a cognitive approach to evaluation
Hannan, M., Leitch, C. M., & Hazlett, S. (2006) · International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning · doi:10.1504/ijceell.2006.010962 · Cited by 4
“Research has demonstrated the importance of employing self-efficacy as a means of evaluation (Bandura and Wood, 1989; Resnick and Jenkins, 2000; Schunk et al., 1987).”
Background
Relationships Between Body Areas Satisfaction, Exercise, and Mood in Obese African American Women
Tennant, G. A. (2015) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798414560438 · Cited by 4
“In addition, in a study with 187 older adults, Resnick and Jenkins (2000) reported internal consistency with values of Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92.”
BackgroundInfluential
Exercise is medicine: a case study of an exercise prescription clinic in the NHS
Chatterjee, R., & Wolman, R. (2019) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp19x704033 · Cited by 4
Understanding Shedders: Which Sociodemographic, Health and Wellbeing Characteristics Best Inform Appropriate Health Promotion Action and A ‘Shed for Life’?Preprint
McGrath, A., Murphy, N. M., Egan, T., et al. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0128.v1 · Cited by 4
Examining physical activity participation barriers among adults 50 years and older: a scoping review
Wingood, M., Criss, M. G., Irwin, K. E., Bamonti, P. M., Harris, R., Phillips, E. L., Vincenzo, J. L., & Chui, K. K. (2023) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1080/10833196.2023.2265767 · Cited by 3
“Out of the 35 included articles, all 35 reported internal consistency via Cronbach’s a [3,16,26,30, 32– 61,71] , 18 reported test-retest test-retest”
BackgroundMethod

Authors: Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
ORCID: Resnick, Barbara
Venue: Nursing Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-159
ISSN: 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007
OpenAlex: W2073037367
Semantic Scholar: e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
Cited by: 810
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

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