Cited by 810Physical Activity and HealthHealth Education and ValidationPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

Resnick, Barbara, Jenkins, Louise S.·2000·Nursing Research

DOI 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The measure for self-efficacy barriers to exercise was developed for adults and revised on the basis of quantitative and qualitative research with older adults so it would be more appropriate for that age group. OBJECTIVES: To test the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale. METHODS: Initial reliability and validity testing was performed using a sample of 187 older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. The average age of the participants was 85 +/- 6.2 years, and most were White (98%), female (82%), and unmarried (80%). Face-to-face interviews were completed and included the SEE, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and the Expected Outcomes and Barriers for Habitual Exercise scale. Exercise activity was based on verbal report of participation in aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, biking, or jogging). RESULTS: There was sufficient evidence of internal consistency (alpha = 0.92), and a squared multiple correlation coefficient using structural equation modeling provided further evidence of reliability (R2 ranged from 0.38 to 0.76). There was evidence of validity of the measure based on hypothesis testing: Mental and physical health scores on the SF-12 predicted efficacy expectations, and efficacy expectations predicted exercise activity. Lambda X estimates (all estimates > or = 0.81) provided further evidence of validity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary testing provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEE scale. Future testing of the scale needs to be done with young old adults and subjects from different socioeconomic and cultural groups.

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Yang, M. X., Zhong, J., Zhang, J.-E., Huang, X., Li, C., Hong, Z.-X., & Zhang, S.-W. (2018) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2018.02.009 · Cited by 30
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the wellbeing of Irish Men’s Shed members
McGrath, A., Murphy, N. M., & Richardson, N. (2020) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaa113 · Cited by 27
Influencing factors of kinesiophobia in older patients with chronic heart failure: A structural equation model
Qin, J., Xiong, J., Chen, C., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, G., & Gong, K. (2023) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.24024 · Cited by 29
“2.4.5 | Self‐efficacy for Exercise (SEE) The SEE scale was specifically developed for older people by Resnick and Jenkins.31 It contains nine items and each item scores from 0 to 10 points, representing patients' exercise confidence in different situations, ranging from “little confidence” to “very confidence.””
MethodInfluential
Lifestyle physical activity of older rural women
Plonczynski, D. J., Wilbur, J., Larson, J. L., & Thiede, K. W. (2008) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20282 · Cited by 29
“…high (70 on a scale of 0–100), suggesting that the women were confident of their ability to overcome barriers to physical activity behavior, similar to results in a study of older adults participating in aerobic exercise (mean self-efficacy score 6.6 on a scale of 0–10; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
Influential
Weight bias internalization and its association with health behaviour adherence after bariatric surgery
Feig, E. H., Amonoo, H. L., Onyeaka, H. K., Romero, P. M., Kim, S., & Huffman, J. C. (2020) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12361 · Cited by 28
“The Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale is a nine-item questionnaire that focuses on the self-efficacy expectations for exercise for older adults; specifically, the ability to continue to exercise despite barriers.(28) The scale consists of nine situations, some external (eg, bad weather) and some internal (eg, pain bore…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Prospective Validation of the Chinese Version of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale Among Middle-Aged Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Wong, E. M. L., Leung, D. Y. P., Sit, J. W. H., Chan, A. W. K., & Chair, S. Y. (2018) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1097/rnj.0000000000000156 · Cited by 28
Enhanced motivational interviewing for reducing weight and increasing physical activity in adults with high cardiovascular risk: the MOVE IT three-arm RCT
Ismail, K., Stahl, D. R., Bayley, A., Twist, K., Stewart, K., Ridge, K., Britneff, E., Ashworth, M. J., de Zoysa, N., Rundle, J., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23690 · Cited by 29
“A&E 19 (94) 16 (58) 15 (59) 30 (107) 23 (83) 27 (90) 36 (204) 32 (88) 33 (123)”
Identity, social engagement and community participation impact physical activity levels of stroke survivors: A mixed-methods study
Espernberger, K., Fini, N. A., & Peiris, C. L. (2022) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155221141977 · Cited by 28
“The average Self-Efficacy for Exercise score was 51 (SD 20), which is slightly less than available normative mean data (mean score 55) for the general older population.(30)”
Balance telerehabilitation and wearable technology for people with Parkinson’s disease (TelePD trial)
Silva‐Batista, C., Wilhelm, J. L., Scanlan, K. T., Stojak, M., Carlson‐Kuhta, P., Chen, S., Liu, W., de la Huerta, T. N. G., Horak, F. B., Mancini, M., et al. (2023) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-023-03403-3 · Cited by 28
“…the 360 degrees Turn test [51]; xi) the floor transfer test [52]; xii) the Self-efficacy for exercise scale to assess the participation in exercise [53]; xiii) the Life-Space Questionnaire to assess mobility based on how far and how often a person travels inside and outside home space [54]; xiv)…”
Revisión estructurada de los cuestionarios y escalas que miden la actividad física en los adultos mayores y ancianos
Guirao-Goris, J. A., Cabrero‐García, J., Pina, J. P. M., & Muñoz-Mendoza, C. L. (2009) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2009.03.002 · Cited by 33
Effectiveness of Digital Health on the Quality of Life of Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review
Parra, G., Soto‐Ruiz, N., Martín‐Rodríguez, L. S., Escalada‐Hernández, P., & García‐Vivar, C. (2023) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151418 · Cited by 33
The Self-Efficacy for Home Exercise Programs Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties
Picha, K. J., Lester, M., Heebner, N. R., Abt, J. P., Usher, E. L., Capilouto, G. J., & Uhl, T. L. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8779 · Cited by 27
The Clinical Effectiveness of a Physiotherapy Delivered Physical and Psychological Group Intervention for Older Adults With Neurogenic Claudication: The BOOST Randomized Controlled Trial
Williamson, E. M., Boniface, G., Marian, I. R., Dutton, S., Garrett, A., Morris, A., Hansen, Z., Ward, L., Nicolson, P. J. A., Rogers, D., et al. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac063 · Cited by 27
“Baseline psychological factors included confidence to exercise (Exercise Selfefficacy Scale [short version]) (20), confidence to manage their leg and back symptoms, intentions to carry out home exercises, walking self-efficacy (21), and fear-avoidance (Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire) (22).”
Background
Self-reported measurements of physical literacy in adults: a scoping review
Ryom, K., Hargaard, A.-S., Melby, P. S., Maindal, H. T., Bentsen, P., Ntoumanis, N., Schöeppe, S., Nielsen, G., & Elsborg, P. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058351 · Cited by 27
Effect of a Motivational Group Intervention on Exercise Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations for Exercise in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Beebe, L. H., Smith, K., Burk, R., Dessieux, O. L., Velligan, D. I., Tavakoli, A. S., & Tennison, C. (2010) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390310364428 · Cited by 27
“The measure has demonstrated construct validity through hypothesis testing (Resnick, Luisi, Vogel, & Junaleepa, 2004) and confirmatory factor analysis (Resnick, 2000, 2001, 2002; Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Relationship Between Resilience and Motivation
Resnick, B. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0232-0_13 · Cited by 30
“1993), self-efficacy related to physical activity (Resnick and Jenkins 2000), and the 14-item Resilience Scale (Wagnild 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
A Web-Based Intervention to Encourage Walking (StepWise): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Hargreaves, E. A., Mutrie, N., & Fleming, J. D. (2016) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4288 · Cited by 31
“Finally, measures of self-efficacy for walking [46] and for overcoming barriers to exercise [47] were measured on a 10-point scale from “not at all confident” to “completely confident”.”
The Relationship Between Psychosocial State and Exercise Behavior of Older Women 2 Months After Hip Fracture
Resnick, B. M., Orwig, D., Hawkes, W., Shardell, M. D., Golden, J., Werner, M., Zimmerman, S. I., & Magaziner, J. S. (2007) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2007.tb00168.x · Cited by 27
Self-citation
A positive psychology-motivational interviewing program to promote physical activity in type 2 diabetes: The BEHOLD-16 pilot randomized trial
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Usability, Usefulness, and Acceptance of a Novel, Portable Rehabilitation System (mRehab) Using Smartphone and 3D Printing Technology: Mixed Methods Study
Bhattacharjya, S., Cavuoto, L. A., Reilly, B., Xu, W., Subryan, H., & Langan, J. (2021) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/21312 · Cited by 27
“Higher scores indicate that participants were more confident that they would complete the exercise when they were alone, stressed, depressed, etc [22].”
Background
Do fall predictors in middle aged and older adults predict fall status in persons 50+ with fibromyalgia? An exploratory study
Rutledge, D. N., Cherry, B. J., Rose, D. J., Rakovski, C., & Jones, C. J. (2010) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20376 · Cited by 25
Evaluating the properties of a stage-specific self-efficacy scale for physical activity using classical test theory, confirmatory factor analysis and item response modeling
Mâsse, L. C., Heesch, K. C., Eason, K., et al. (2006) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyl106 · Cited by 26
A Meta-Synthesis of Health-Related Self-Efficacy Instrumentation: Problems and Suggestions
Sheer, V. C. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.22.1.77 · Cited by 26
“…Reduction Self-Efficacy Questionnaire 99 15 .89/.92/.91 1 Reece & Harkless (2002) Perimenopausal Health Self-Efficacy Scale 98 21 .88/.90 4 Resnick & Jenkins (2000) The Self-Efficacy for Exercise 187 9 .92 1 Rew et al. (2005) Self-Efficacy for Testicular Self-Examination Scale 306 7 .84…”
Background
Peer support for the maintenance of physical activity and health in cancer survivors: the PEER trial - a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Adlard, K. N., Jenkins, D. G., Salisbury, C. E., Bolam, K. A., Gomersall, S. R., Aitken, J. F., Chambers, S. K., Dunn, J. C., Courneya, K. S., & Skinner, T. L. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5853-4 · Cited by 28
“This method of assessing self-efficacy has been adapted from the SelfEfficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale which was originally described and validated in older adults by Resnick & Jenkins [104].”
Method
PERCEPT myeloma: a protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial of exercise prehabilitation before and during autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma
McCourt, O., Fisher, A., Ramdharry, G. M., Roberts, A., Land, J., Rabin, N. K., & Yong, K. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033176 · Cited by 26
Exercise interventions, physical function, and mobility after hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang, X., Butts, W. J., & You, T. (2021) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1924299 · Cited by 26
Initial Efficacy of a Cardiac Rehabilitation Transition Program: Cardiac TRUST
Dolansky, M. A., Zullo, M. D., Boxer, R. S., & Moore, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20111103-01 · Cited by 25
“The Outcomes Expectancy for Exercise (OEE) Scale is a 12-item instrument measuring the participant’s expectations of exercise (Resnick & Jenkins, 2000).”
Method
The Healthy Hearts and Kidneys (HHK) study: Design of a 2 × 2 RCT of technology-supported self-monitoring and social cognitive theory-based counseling to engage overweight people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease in multiple lifestyle changes
Sevick, M. A., Woolf, K., Mattoo, A., Katz, S. D., Li, H., St‐Jules, D. E., Jagannathan, R., Hu, L., Pompeii, M. L., Ganguzza, L., et al. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.08.020 · Cited by 26
Better Outcomes for Older people with Spinal Trouble (BOOST) Trial: a randomised controlled trial of a combined physical and psychological intervention for older adults with neurogenic claudication, a protocol
Williamson, E. M., Ward, L., Vadher, K., Dutton, S., Parker, B., Petrou, S., Hutchinson, C. E., Gagen, R., Arden, N., Barker, K. L., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022205 · Cited by 25
When More Than Exercise Is Needed to Increase Chances of Aging in Place: Qualitative Analysis of a Telehealth Physical Activity Program to Improve Mobility in Low-Income Older Adults
VanRavenstein, K., & Davis, B. H. (2018) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/11955 · Cited by 25
Physical Activity with Spiritual Strategies Intervention: A Cluster Randomized Trial with Older African American Women
Anderson, K. J., & Pullen, C. H. (2012) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20121203-01 · Cited by 25
Social Support for Exercise by Experts in Older Women Post–Hip Fracture
Casado, B. L., Resnick, B. M., Zimmerman, S. I., Nahm, E., Orwig, D., Macmillan, K. R., & Magaziner, J. S. (2009) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952840802633719 · Cited by 26
“The Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale (SEE) ( Resnick & Jenkins, 2000 ) is a nine-item measure that addresses the confidence to overcome the barriers to exercise and is designed to assess the self-efficacy expectations related to the ability to continue to exercise.”
Self-citation
A randomized controlled trial of an office-based physical activity and physical fitness intervention for older adults
Purath, J., Keller, C. S., McPherson, S., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2013) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2013.02.012 · Cited by 24
Walk well: a randomised controlled trial of a walking intervention for adults with intellectual disabilities: study protocol
Mitchell, F., Melville, C. A., Stalker, K. O., Matthews, L., McConnachie, A., Murray, H. M., Walker, A., & Mutrie, N. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-620 · Cited by 30
“Self efficacy To measure changes is self-efficacy over the course of the intervention the Self-Efficacy for Activity for Persons with Intellectual Disability (SE-AID) [62] and Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale [63] will be completed at all three time points.”
Predictors of Physical Activity in Patients With Fibromyalgia
Kaleth, A. S., Bigatti, S. M., Slaven, J. E., Kelly, N. B., & Ang, D. C. (2020) · JCR Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/rhu.0000000000001684 · Cited by 27
“This scale has good psychometric properties and is responsive to change.(20) Intention to exercise was assessed using a 4-item scale developed by Courneya et al.”
Method
A Longitudinal Analysis of Efficacy Expectations and Exercise in Older Adults
Resnick, B. M. (2004) · Research and theory for nursing practice · doi:10.1891/088971804780957450 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Assessing fertilizer use behaviour for environmental management and sustainability: a quantitative study in agriculturally intensive regions of Uttar Pradesh, India
Pandey, C., & Diwan, H. (2020) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00848-1 · Cited by 24
STepped exercise program for patients with knee OsteoArthritis (STEP-KOA): protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Allen, K. D., Bongiorni, D. R., Caves, K. M., Coffman, C. J., Floegel, T. A., Greysen, H. M., Hall, K. S. M., Heiderscheit, B. C., Hoenig, H., Huffman, K. M., et al. (2019) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2627-8 · Cited by 23
Biobehavioral Intervention Targeting Physical Activity Behavior Change for Older Veterans after Nontraumatic Amputation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Christiansen, C. L., Miller, M. J., Kline, P. W., Fields, T. T., Sullivan, W. J., Blatchford, P. J., & Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E. (2020) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12374 · Cited by 23
“The SEE scale measured the amount of confidence one has to participate in exercise three times aweek if specific conditions were present, on a 0 (no confidence) to 10 (total confidence) scale.(39) The SEE has demonstrated reliability with an alpha coefficient of 0.”
BackgroundMethod
Exercise adherence Mobile app for Knee Osteoarthritis: protocol for the MappKO randomised controlled trial
Hinman, R. S., Nelligan, R. K., Campbell, P. K., Kimp, A. J., Graham, B., Merolli, M., McManus, F. J., Lamb, K. E., & Bennell, K. L. (2022) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-022-05816-6 · Cited by 22
“v) Exercise self-efficacy The Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale [51] measures self-efficacy expectations about ability to continue exercising in the face of perceived barriers.”
The Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy in Exercise Participation Among Women With Persistent Fatigue After Breast Cancer: A Mixed-Methods Study
Wechsler, S., Fu, M. R., Lyons, K. D., Wood, K. C., & Wood, L. J. (2022) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzac143 · Cited by 27
“47 Among older adults, this scale has been shown to have excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α = .92), and scores significantly predict exercise activity.”
Sensor-based telerehabilitation system increases patient adherence after knee surgery
Höher, J., Lischke, B., Petersen, W. J., Mengis, N., Niederer, D., Stein, T., Stoffels, T., Prill, R., & Schmidt‐Lucke, C. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000175 · Cited by 25
“03%) 12:15 (44%:56%) 7:10 (41%:59%) 5:5 (50%:50%) Age [years] 26-30 1 30 [22-40] 31 [26-38] 26 [21-46] BMI [kg/m(2)] 25 [22–27] 25 [22-28] 25 [21-28] 25 [24-27] Smoking status nd 2 2 (7%) 1 (6%) 1 (10%) Diagnosis [%] ACL isolated 288 (48%) 10 (37%) 7 (41%) 3 (30%) ACL with meniscus involvement 126 (21%) 9 (34%) 6 (35%…”

Authors: Resnick, B., & Jenkins, L. S.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
ORCID: Resnick, Barbara
Venue: Nursing Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-159
ISSN: 0029-6562 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006199-200005000-00007
OpenAlex: W2073037367
Semantic Scholar: e83f9800cb1b684862b784f20becd7a831579274
Cited by: 810
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 64 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 2.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: exercise self-efficacy, older adults, scale reliability, scale validity, barriers to exercise, exercise activity, physical health, mental health, continuing care retirement communities, psychometric validation
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Self Efficacy

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Testing the Reliability and Validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale

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